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| Rajendra I | |
|---|---|
| Parakesari Varman, Yuddhamalla, Mummudi Cholan, Gangai Kondan, Kadaram Kondan, Jayasimha Kula Kaalan, Chalukya Chudaamani, Thelagaramari (Thelungu Kula Kaalan), Rattapadi Konda Chola | |
.JPG) Sculpture of Rajendra I represented as Lord Chandikeswara (Gangaikonda Cholapuram) | |
| Chola Emperor | |
| Reign | 1014 CE – 1044 CE[1] |
| Predecessor | Rajaraja I |
| Successor | Rajadhiraja I |
| Co-Regent of the Chola Empire | |
| Reign | 1012 CE – 1014 CE |
| Emperor | Rajaraja I |
| Successor | Rajadhiraja I |
| King of Dakkinadesa King of Ruhuna | |
| Reign | 1017 CE – 1044 CE |
| Predecessor | Kassapa VI |
| Successor | Rajadhiraja I |
| Born | Madhurantaka Chola 26 July 971[2] Thanjavur, Chola Empire (modern day Tamil Nadu, India) |
| Died | 1044 CE (aged 73) Brahmadesam, Chola Empire (modern day Tiruvannamalai, Tamil Nadu, India)[3] |
| Burial | End of 1044 CE Brahmadesam, Tamil Nadu,
India[3] |
| Spouse |
|
| Issue |
|
| Dynasty | Chola |
| Military career | |
| Service | Chola Army
Chola Navy |
| Years of service | 992 – 1044 CE |
| Rank | Senathipathi (992 – 1014 CE) Chakravarti (1014 – 1044 CE) |
| Father | Rajaraja I |
| Mother | Vanavan Mahadevi alias Tribhuvana Mahadevi |
| Religion | Hinduism[4] |
| Signature |  |
| Chola kings and emperors |
|---|
| Interregnum (c. 200 – c. 848 CE) |
| Related |
Rajendra I (/rɑːdʒeɪndrə/; Middle Tamil: Rājēntira Cōḻaṉ; Old Malay: Raja Chulan[5][6][7]; 26 July 971 CE – 1044 CE), often referred to as Rajendra the Great, Gangaikonda Cholan (Middle Tamil: Kaṅkaikoṇṭa Cōḻaṉ; lit. 'Bringer of the Ganges'), and Kadaram Kondan (Middle Tamil: Kaṭāram Koṇṭāṉ; lit. 'Conqueror of Kedah'), was a Chola Emperor who reigned from 1014 and 1044 CE. He was born in Thanjavur to Rajaraja I. His queen was Vanavan Mahadevi and he assumed royal power as co-regent with his father in 1012 until his father died in 1014, when Rajendra ascended to the Chola throne.
During his reign, the Chola Empire reached its zenith in the Indian subcontinent; it extended its reach via trade and conquest across the Indian Ocean, making Rajendra one of only a few Indian monarchs who conquered territory beyond South Asia.[8][9][10]
In his early years, Rajendra was involved in the Chola Army, with which he fought in several campaigns against the Western Chalukyas and the rulers of Anuradhapura, earning him his first victories. He quelled rebellions in the Chera and Pandiya vassal states, and in Sri Lanka. As Emperor, Rajendra completed the conquest of Anuradhapura and brought a large portion of Sri Lanka under imperial rule.[11] Rajendra expanded Chola rule by defeating the kingdoms of Kalinga and Vengai, and subduing the islands of Laccadives and the Maldives, which he renamed Munnir Palantivu Pannirayiram ("Twelve Thousand Islands and the Ocean Where Three Waters Meet"). These islands were later used as strategic naval bases. During his South-East Asia campaign, he annexed Srivijaya, Kedah, Tambralinga and Pegu, achieving imperial dominance in the region and strengthening Indian influence in Southeast Asia.
Rajendra conducted a war against the Pala dynasty and captured a great deal of wealth, which he used to build the city of Gangaikondacholapuram, the capital of the Chola Empire, and one of the centers of trade and commerce in the empire for several centuries.[8] The city was remarkable for its artificial lake, extensive fortifications, moats surrounding the imperial palace, and the Brihadisvara Temple. Rajendra was a follower of Shaivism but welcomed Buddhism and built several stupas across South-East Asia and South India.
New forms of trade emerged during Rajendra's reign such as the commercial system called "emporia," this was after the Chola's had gained control of Strait of Malacca and several other coastal areas.[12] Emporia refers to exporting goods according to their demand, arose, making trade within the Empire profitable and helped maintain the Chola military. The Khmer Empire was a major ally and trading partner, and helped the Cholas expand their networks as far as Song China. This link allowed Rajendra to incorporate Chinese vessels into the Chola military. These networks also extended west; the Cholas engaged in the spice trade with Arabia, North Africa, Anatolia and Turkic peoples.
Rajendra Chola I was succeeded by his son Rajadhiraja I, who ruled from 1044 to 1054.[13]
- ^ Sen, Sailendra (2013). A Textbook of Medieval Indian History. Primus Books. pp. 46–49. ISBN 978-9-38060-734-4.
- ^ Karthik, Deepak (19 July 2022). "Rajendra Chola Birth Anniversary: Local Holiday Announced in Ariyalur District". The Times of India.
- ^ a b Ē. Kē Cēṣāttiri. Sri Brihadisvara: The Great Temple of Thānjavūr. Nile Books, 1998. p. 19.
- ^ The Imperial Pandyas: Mathematics Reconstructs the Chronology, N. Sethuraman, 1978, p. 5, "Calendar System alone must be employed to fix the accession date of a Hindu king Rajendra Chola".
- ^ "Sri Vijaya-Malayu 1299, Singapore and Sumatran Kingdoms". www.eresources.nlb.gov.sg. Retrieved 3 August 2023.
- ^ S. Amran Tasai; Djamari; Budiono Isas (2005). Sejarah Melayu: sebagai karya sastra dan karya sejarah : sebuah antologi. Pusat Bahasa, Departemen Pendidikan Nasional. p. 67. ISBN 978-979-685-524-7.
- ^ John N. Miksic (30 September 2013). Singapore and the Silk Road of the Sea, 1300_1800. NUS Press. pp. 147–. ISBN 978-9971-69-574-3.
- ^ a b Thapar, Romila (2003) [2002]. The Penguin History of Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300. New Delhi: Penguin Books. pp. 364–365. ISBN 978-0-14-302989-2.
- ^ K. A. Nilakanta Sastri 1955, pp. 194–195.
- ^ K. A. Nilakanta Sastri 1955, pp. 228.
- ^ Spencer, George W. (May 1976). "The Politics of Plunder: The Cholas in Eleventh-Century Ceylon". The Journal of Asian Studies. 35 (3): 405–419. doi:10.2307/2053272. ISSN 1752-0401. JSTOR 2053272. S2CID 154741845.
- ^ "10 Rajendra Chola's Naval Expedition and the Chola Trade with Southeast and East Asia". Nagapattinam to Suvarnadwipa. ISEAS. 2009. pp. 168–177. doi:10.1355/9789812309389-015. ISBN 9789812309389.
- ^ Karashima 2014, p. 370.