Ramananda | |
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| Personal | |
| Born | December 30, ~1300-1380 CE[1][2]l |
| Died | uncertain date, ~1400-1475 CE[2] |
| Religion | Hinduism |
| Sect | Ramanandi Sampradaya |
| Known for | Founder of Bairagi Ramanandi Sampradaya, Guru of Major Poet-saints, a Pioneer of Bhakti movement in north India, Social Reformer. |
| Organization | |
| Philosophy | Vishishtadvaita |
| Religious career | |
| Guru | Raghavananda |
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Jagadguru Swami Ramananda (IAST: Rāmānanda) or Ramanandacharya was an Indian 14th-century Hindu Vaishnava devotional poet saint, who lived in the Gangetic basin of northern India.[3] The Hindu tradition recognizes him as the founder[2] of the Ramanandi Sampradaya, the largest monastic Hindu renunciant community in modern times.[4][5]
Born in a Gaur Brahmin family,[6] Ramananda for the most part of his life lived in the holy city of Varanasi.[1][7] His date of birth is December 30 but death is uncertain, but historical evidence suggests he was one of the earliest saints and a pioneering figure of the Bhakti movement as it rapidly grew in North India, sometime between the 14th and mid-15th century during its Islamic rule period.[2][3] Tradition asserts that Ramananda developed his philosophy and devotional themes inspired by the south Indian Vedanta philosopher Ramanuja, however, evidence also suggests that Ramananda was influenced by Nathpanthi ascetics of the Yoga school of Hindu philosophy.[5]
An early social reformer, Ramananda accepted disciples without discriminating against anyone by sex or class. Traditional scholarship holds that his disciples included later Bhakti movement poet-sants such as Kabir, Ravidas, Bhagat Pipa and others,[5][7] however, some postmodern scholars have questioned some of this spiritual lineage while others have supported this lineage with historical evidence.[8][9] His verse is mentioned in the Sikh holy scripture Guru Granth Sahib.[5][10]
Ramananda was known for composing his works and discussing spiritual themes in vernacular Hindi, stating that this makes knowledge accessible to the masses.[3]
- ^ a b Ronald McGregor (1984), Hindi literature from its beginnings to the nineteenth century, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, ISBN 978-3447024136, pages 42-44
- ^ a b c d Schomer and McLeod (1987), The Sants: Studies in a Devotional Tradition of India, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 9788120802773, pages 4-6
- ^ a b c William Pinch (1996), Peasants and Monks in British India, University of California Press, ISBN 978-0520200616, pages 53-89
- ^ Selva Raj and William Harman (2007), Dealing with Deities: The Ritual Vow in South Asia, State University of New York Press, ISBN 978-0791467084, pages 165-166
- ^ a b c d James G Lochtefeld (2002), The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: N-Z, Rosen Publishing, ISBN 978-0823931804, pages 553-554
- ^ Macauliffe, Max Arthur (28 March 2013). The Sikh Religion: Its Gurus, Sacred Writings and Authors. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-108-05548-2.
- ^ a b David Lorenzen, Who Invented Hinduism: Essays on Religion in History, ISBN 978-8190227261, pages 104-106
- ^ Schomer and McLeod (1987), The Sants: Studies in a Devotional Tradition of India, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 9788120802773, page 54
- ^ Julia Leslie (1996), Myth and Mythmaking: Continuous Evolution in Indian Tradition, Routledge, ISBN 978-0700703036, pages 117-119
- ^ Winnand Callewaert (2015), The Hagiographies of Anantadas: The Bhakti Poets of North India, Routledge, ISBN 978-1138862463, pages 405-407