Rare events

Rare or extreme events are events that occur with low frequency, and often refers to infrequent events that have a widespread effect and which might destabilize systems (for example, stock markets,[1] ocean wave intensity[2] or optical fibers[3] or society[4]). Rare events encompass natural phenomena (major earthquakes, tsunamis, hurricanes, floods, asteroid impacts, solar flares, etc.), anthropogenic hazards (warfare and related forms of violent conflict, acts of terrorism, industrial accidents, financial and commodity market crashes, etc.), as well as phenomena for which natural and anthropogenic factors interact in complex ways (epidemic disease spread, global warming-related changes in climate and weather, etc.).

  1. ^ Sornette, Didier (2017). Why stock markets crash : critical events in complex financial systems. Princeton University Press. ISBN 9781400885091.
  2. ^ Dysthe, Kristian; Krogstad, Harald E.; Müller, Peter (January 2008). "Oceanic Rogue Waves". Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics. 40 (1): 287–310. Bibcode:2008AnRFM..40..287D. doi:10.1146/annurev.fluid.40.111406.102203.
  3. ^ Dudley, John M.; Dias, Frédéric; Erkintalo, Miro; Genty, Goëry (28 September 2014). "Instabilities, breathers and rogue waves in optics". Nature Photonics. 8 (10): 755–764. arXiv:1410.3071. Bibcode:2014NaPho...8..755D. doi:10.1038/nphoton.2014.220. S2CID 53349599.
  4. ^ King, Gary; Zeng, Langche (2001). "Logistic Regression in Rare Events Data". Political Analysis. 9 (2): 137–163. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.pan.a004868.