Rashidun Caliphate

Rashidun Caliphate
ٱلْخِلَافَةُ ٱلرَّاشِدَةُ (Arabic)
*al-Khilāfah ar-Rāšidah*
Rashidun Caliphate ٱلْخِلَافَةُ ٱلرَّاشِدَةُ (Arabic); al-Khilāfah ar-Rāšidah
632–661
	The Rashidun Caliphate at its greatest extent, under Caliph Uthman, c. 654
Status	Empire
Capital	Medina (632–656); Kufa (656–661)
Official languages	Arabic
Common languages	Various regional languages
Religion	Islam
Caliph
• 632–634	Abu Bakr (first)
• 634–644	Umar
• 644–656	Uthman
• 656–661	Ali (last)
History
• Succession to Muhammad	632
• Conquest of Persia	633–654
• Ascension of Umar	634
• Assassination of Umar and Ascension of Uthman	644
• Assassination of Uthman and Ascension of Ali	656
• Assassination of Ali	661
• First Fitna (internal conflict) ends after Hasan's abdication	661
Area
655	6,400,000 km2 (2,500,000 sq mi)
Currency	Dirham;
Preceded by	Succeeded by
	State of Medina
	Byzantine Empire
	Sasanian Empire
	Ghassanids
Umayyad Caliphate

The Rashidun Caliphate (Arabic: ٱلْخِلَافَةُ ٱلرَّاشِدَةُ, romanized: al-Khilāfah ar-Rāšidah ) was the first caliphate to succeed the Islamic prophet Muhammad. It was ruled by the first four successive caliphs of Muhammad after his death in 632 CE -- Abu Bakr (r. 632–634), Umar (r. 634–644), Uthman (r. 644–656), and Ali (r. 656–661). During its existence, the empire was the most powerful economic, cultural, and military force in West Asia and Northeast Africa. In Sunni Islam the caliphate is considered to have been 'rightly guided' (the meaning of al-Rāshidūn, Arabic: الراشدون), meaning that it constitutes a model (sunna) to be followed and emulated from a religious point of view.^[3]

The caliphate arose following Muhammad’s death in June 632 and the subsequent debate over the succession to his leadership. Muhammad's close companion Abu Bakr, of the Banu Taym clan, was elected the first caliph in Medina and he began the conquest of the Arabian Peninsula. His brief reign ended in August 634 when he died and was succeeded by Umar, his appointed successor from the Banu Adi clan. Under Umar, the caliphate expanded at an unprecedented rate, ruling more than two-thirds of the Byzantine Empire and nearly the entire Sasanian Empire. Umar was assassinated in November 644 and was succeeded by Uthman, a member of the Banu Umayya clan, who was elected by a six-person committee arranged by Umar. Under Uthman, the caliphate concluded its conquest of Persia in 651 and continued expeditions into the Byzantine territories. During his reign, rebels rose, and he was assassinated in June 656.

He was subsequently succeeded by Ali, a member of the Banu Hashim clan, who transferred the capital to Kufa. Ali presided over the civil war called the First Fitna as his suzerainty was unrecognized by Uthman's kinsman and Syria's governor Mu'awiya ibn Abu Sufyan (r. 661–680), who believed that Uthman's murderers should be punished immediately. Additionally, a third faction known as Kharijites, who were former supporters of Ali, rebelled against both Ali and Mu'awiya after refusing to accept the arbitration in the Battle of Siffin. The war led to the overthrow of the Rashidun Caliphate and the establishment of the Umayyad Caliphate in 661 by Mu'awiya. The civil war permanently consolidated the divide between Sunni and Shia Muslims, with Shia Muslims believing Ali to be the first rightful caliph and Imam after Muhammad, favouring his bloodline connection to Muhammad.^[4]

The Rashidun Caliphate is characterized by a twenty-five-year period of rapid military expansion followed by a five-year period of internal strife. The Rashidun Army numbered more than 100,000 men at its peak. By the 650s, in addition to the Arabian Peninsula, the caliphate had subjugated the Levant to the Transcaucasus in the north; North Africa from Egypt to present-day Tunisia in the west; and the Iranian Plateau to parts of Central Asia and South Asia in the east. The four Rashidun caliphs were chosen by a small electoral body - consisting of prominent members of the high-ranking companions of the Prophet - called shūrā (Arabic: شُورَى, lit. 'consultation').^[5]

^ Versteegh, Kees (2014). The Arabic Language. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 126–132. ISBN 978-0-7486-4529-9.
^ Rein Taagepera (September 1997). "Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia". International Studies Quarterly. 41 (3): 495. doi:10.1111/0020-8833.00053. JSTOR 2600793.
^ Melchert (2020, p. 63; cf. p. 72, note 1)
^ Triana, María (2017). Managing Diversity in Organizations: A Global Perspective. Taylor & Francis. p. 159. ISBN 9781317423683.
^ Bosworth, C.E.; Marín, Manuela; Ayalon, A. (1960–2007). "Shūrā". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_1063.

[1] Versteegh, Kees (2014). The Arabic Language. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 126–132. ISBN 978-0-7486-4529-9.

[2] Rein Taagepera (September 1997). "Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia". International Studies Quarterly. 41 (3): 495. doi:10.1111/0020-8833.00053. JSTOR 2600793.

[3] Melchert (2020, p. 63; cf. p. 72, note 1)

[Triana_159-4] Triana, María (2017). Managing Diversity in Organizations: A Global Perspective. Taylor & Francis. p. 159. ISBN 9781317423683.

[5] Bosworth, C.E.; Marín, Manuela; Ayalon, A. (1960–2007). "Shūrā". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_1063.

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