Ratites | |
---|---|
Members of the four genera of large extant ratites. Clockwise from top left: greater rhea, ostrich, southern cassowary and emu | |
Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Class: | Aves |
Infraclass: | Palaeognathae |
Groups included | |
| |
Cladistically included but traditionally excluded taxa | |
Synonyms | |
|
Ratites (/ˈrætaɪts/) are a polyphyletic group consisting of all birds within the infraclass Palaeognathae that lack keels and cannot fly.[3] They are mostly large, long-necked, and long-legged, the exception being the kiwi, which is also the only nocturnal extant ratite.
The understanding of relationships within the paleognath clade has been in flux. Previously, all the flightless members had been assigned to the order Struthioniformes, which is more recently regarded as containing only the ostrich.[4][5] The modern bird superorder Palaeognathae consists of ratites and the flighted Neotropic tinamous (compare to Neognathae).[6] Unlike other flightless birds, the ratites have no keel on their sternum — hence the name, from the Latin ratis ('raft', a vessel which has no keel — in contradistinction to extant flighted birds with a keel).[7] Without this to anchor their wing muscles, they could not have flown even if they had developed suitable wings.[citation needed] Ratites are a polyphyletic group; tinamous fall within them, and are the sister group of the extinct moa.[6][8][9][10] This implies that flightlessness is a trait that evolved independently multiple times in different ratite lineages.[9][11]
Most parts of the former supercontinent Gondwana have ratites, or did have until the fairly recent past.[12][13] So did Europe in the Paleocene and Eocene, from where the first flightless paleognaths are known.[14] Ostriches were present in Asia as recently as the Holocene, although the genus is thought to have originated in Africa.[15] However, the ostrich order may have evolved in Eurasia.[15] A recent study posits a Laurasian origin for the clade.[16] Geranoidids, which may have been ratites, existed in North America.[17]
Gray
was invoked but never defined (see the help page).Salvadori
was invoked but never defined (see the help page).ITIS
was invoked but never defined (see the help page).Brands
was invoked but never defined (see the help page).TOLweb
was invoked but never defined (see the help page).Phillips2010
was invoked but never defined (see the help page).Fowler
was invoked but never defined (see the help page).Allentoft2012
was invoked but never defined (see the help page).Mitchell2014
was invoked but never defined (see the help page).Baker2014
was invoked but never defined (see the help page).Sackton
was invoked but never defined (see the help page).Haddrath, O & Baker, A (2001)
was invoked but never defined (see the help page).Cooper
was invoked but never defined (see the help page).Buffetaut2014
was invoked but never defined (see the help page).Hou2014
was invoked but never defined (see the help page).Yonezawa2017
was invoked but never defined (see the help page).Mayr2019
was invoked but never defined (see the help page).