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Red Sticks | |
|---|---|
| Leader | William Weatherford Menawa Peter McQueen |
| Founded | May 10, 1814 |
| Ideology | Creek nationalism Traditionalism Communalism |
Red Sticks (also Redsticks, Batons Rouges, or Red Clubs)—the name deriving from the red-painted war clubs of some Native American Creek—refers to an early 19th century traditionalist faction of Muscogee Creek people in the Southeastern United States. Made up mostly of Creek of the Upper Towns that supported traditional leadership and culture, as well as the preservation of communal land for cultivation and hunting, the Red Sticks arose at a time of increasing pressure on Creek territory by European American settlers. Creek of the Lower Towns were closer to the settlers, had more mixed-race families, and had already been forced to make land cessions to the Americans. In this context, the Red Sticks led a resistance movement against European American encroachment and assimilation, tensions that culminated in the outbreak of the Creek War in 1813. Initially a civil war among the Creek, the conflict drew in United States state forces while the nation was already engaged in the War of 1812 against the British.[1][2]
- ^ Andrew K. Frank (2012). "Creeks". In Spencer Tucker; James R. Arnold; Roberta Wiener (eds.). The Encyclopedia of the War of 1812: A Political, Social, and Military History. Vol. 1. ABC-CLIO. p. 169. ISBN 978-1-85109-956-6.
- ^ Lee Irwin (2014). Coming Down From Above: Prophecy, Resistance, and Renewal in Native American Religions. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 195. ISBN 978-0-8061-8579-8.