Redshift quantization

Redshift quantization, also referred to as redshift periodicity,[1] redshift discretization,[2] preferred redshifts[3] and redshift-magnitude bands,[4][5] is the hypothesis that the redshifts of cosmologically distant objects (in particular galaxies and quasars) tend to cluster around multiples of some particular value.

In standard inflationary cosmological models, the redshift of cosmological bodies is ascribed to the expansion of the universe, with greater redshift indicating greater cosmic distance from the Earth (see Hubble's law). This is referred to as cosmological redshift and is one of the main pieces of evidence for the Big Bang. Quantized redshifts of objects would indicate, under Hubble's law, that astronomical objects are arranged in a quantized pattern around the Earth. It is more widely posited that the redshift is unrelated to cosmic expansion and is the outcome of some other physical mechanism, referred to as "intrinsic redshift" or "non-cosmological redshift".

In 1973, astronomer William G. Tifft was the first to report evidence of this pattern. Subsequent discourse focused upon whether redshift surveys of quasars (QSOs) have produced evidence of quantization in excess of what is expected due to selection effect or galactic clustering.[6][7][8][9] The idea has been on the fringes of astronomy since the mid-1990s and is now discounted by the vast majority of astronomers, but a few scientists who espouse nonstandard cosmological models, including those who reject the Big Bang theory, have referred to evidence of redshift quantization as reason to reject conventional accounts of the origin and evolution of the universe.[10][11][12]

  1. ^ Tifft, W. G. (2006). "Redshift periodicities, The Galaxy-Quasar Connection". Astrophysics and Space Science. 285 (2): 429–449. Bibcode:2003Ap&SS.285..429T. doi:10.1023/A:1025457030279. S2CID 120143840.
  2. ^ Karlsson, K. G. (1970). "Possible Discretization of Quasar Redshifts". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 13: 333. Bibcode:1971A&A....13..333K.
  3. ^ Arp, H.; Russel, D. (2001). "A Possible Relationship between Quasars and Clusters of Galaxies". Astrophysical Journal. 549 (2): 802. Bibcode:2001ApJ...549..802A. doi:10.1086/319438. S2CID 120014695. The clusters and the galaxies in them tend to be strong X-ray and radio emitters, and their redshifts occur at preferred redshift values.
  4. ^ Tifft, W. G. (1973). "Properties of the redshift-magnitude bands in the Coma cluster". Astrophysical Journal. 179: 29. Bibcode:1973ApJ...179...29T. doi:10.1086/151844.
  5. ^ Nanni, D.; Pittella, G.; Trevese, D.; Vignato, A. (1981). "An analysis of the redshift-magnitude band phenomenon in the Coma Cluster". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 95 (1): 188. Bibcode:1981A&A....95..188N.
  6. ^ Trimble, V.; Aschwanden, M. J.; Hansen, C. J. (2007). "Astrophysics in 2006". Space Science Reviews. 132 (1): 1–182. arXiv:0705.1730. Bibcode:2007SSRv..132....1T. doi:10.1007/s11214-007-9224-0. S2CID 119570960.
  7. ^ Bell, M. B.; McDiarmid, D. (2006). "Six Peaks Visible in the Redshift Distribution of 46,400 SDSS Quasars Agree with the Preferred Redshifts Predicted by the Decreasing Intrinsic Redshift Model". Astrophysical Journal. 648 (1): 140–147. arXiv:astro-ph/0603169. Bibcode:2006ApJ...648..140B. doi:10.1086/503792. S2CID 17057129.
  8. ^ Godłowski, W.; Bajan, K.; Flin, P. (2006). "Weak redshift discretisation in the Local Group of galaxies?". Astronomische Nachrichten. 387 (1): 103. arXiv:astro-ph/0511260. Bibcode:2006AN....327..103G. doi:10.1002/asna.200510477. S2CID 119388085.
  9. ^ Tang, S. M.; Zhang, S. N. (2005). "Critical Examinations of QSO Redshift Periodicities and Associations with Galaxies in Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data". Astrophysical Journal. 633 (1): 41–51. arXiv:astro-ph/0506366. Bibcode:2005ApJ...633...41T. doi:10.1086/432754. S2CID 119052857.
  10. ^ For examples, see references by nonstandard cosmology proponents
  11. ^ Arp, H. (1998). "Quantization of Redshifts". Seeing Red. C. Roy Keys Incorporated. ISBN 978-0-9683689-0-9. Archived from the original on 2006-10-20.
  12. ^ Arp, H. (1987). "Additional members of the Local Group of galaxies and quantized redshifts within the two nearest groups". Journal of Astrophysics and Astronomy. 8 (3): 241–255. Bibcode:1987JApA....8..241A. doi:10.1007/BF02715046. S2CID 119819755.