 |
A reformatory or reformatory school is a youth detention center or an adult correctional facility popular during the late 19th and early 20th centuries in Western countries.[1] In the United Kingdom and United States, they came out of social concerns about cities, poverty, immigration, and gender following industrialization, as well as from a shift in penology to reforming instead of punishing the criminal.[2][3] They were traditionally single-sex institutions that relied on education, vocational training, and removal from the city.[3] Although their use declined throughout the 20th century, their impact can be seen in practices like the United States' continued implementation of parole and the indeterminate sentence.[1]
- ^ a b Putney, Snell; Putney, Gladys J. (1962). "Origins of the Reformatory". The Journal of Criminal Law, Criminology, and Police Science. 53 (4): 437–445. doi:10.2307/1140574. JSTOR 1140574.
- ^ Ploszajska, Teresa (1994). "Moral landscapes and manipulated spaces: gender, class and space in Victorian reformatory schools". Journal of Historical Geography. 20 (4): 413–429. doi:10.1006/jhge.1994.1032.
- ^ a b Pisciotta, Alexander W. (1994). Benevolent repression : social control and the American reformatory-prison movement. New York: New York University Press. ISBN 9780814766231. OCLC 29358320.