Revolutionary Union Unión Revolucionaria | |
|---|---|
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| Abbreviation | UR |
| Supreme Chief | Luis A. Flores[1] |
| Founded | July 30, 1931 |
| Dissolved | 1956 |
| Headquarters | Casa Tenaud, Lima |
| Newspaper | Acción[2] |
| Youth wing | Legión Juvenil Fascista[3] |
| Paramilitary wing | Black Shirts |
| Ideology | |
| Political position | Far-right[9] |
| Colors | Black |
| Party flag | |
&sq=&lang=&file=File:Bandera_Union_Revolucionaria.svg) | |
The Revolutionary Union (Spanish: Unión Revolucionaria, UR), was a nationalist political party in Peru founded in 1931 by Luis M. Sánchez Cerro, former president of Peru. The party was formed following the coup with which Sanchez Cerro overthrew the eleven-year dictatorship of Augusto B. Leguía.[10] Initially an authoritarian-populist organization, the party later transitioned towards fascism following the assassination of its founder, with Luis A. Flores assuming leadership in 1933 and consolidating this ideological shift.[11]
As a mass movement, the UR drew significant support from many different groups in Peruvian society, included rural communities, individuals from the Andean and southern regions, women, the unemployed, marginalized groups (lumpen), as well as former civilistas and conservatives.[12] In the elections of 1931, Sánchez Cerro obtained more than 150,000 votes, allowing the aforementioned candidate to lead a second government.[12] The party maintained a populist and nationalist character, and displayed a staunch opposition towards communism and the APRA, organizing armed groups to combat said movements.[13] The UR organized impoverished social sectors in both urban and rural areas. It carried out extensive work among poor women, urban marginalized groups and yanaconas.[13]
The assasination of Sanchez Cerro at the hands of an aprista militant and the assumption of power of the party by Luis A. Flores lead an ideological transition towards fascism.[10] Highly inspired in Italian fascism, the party adopted a similar paramilitary branch called the Legión de Camisas Negras ("Blackshirt Legion").[14] The UR openly advocated for an armed struggle against leftist forces, under the slogan that fascism means “religiosity, conservatism, and right-wing conduct”.[13] By 1936, the UR had at least 6,000 members among their armed groups.[15] In the elections of that year, Flores lost in second place against Luis Antonio Eguiguren, although the elections were later annulled by the government of Óscar R. Benavides, who would reform the 1933 constitution to extend his term by an additional three years.[16]
After the extension of the Benavides’ government, some of the most prominent leaders of both the UR and the APRA would be deported. Deprived of charismatic leadership and overshadowed in popular favour by the new regime's achievements, the UR began a decline that ultimately led to its disappearance in 1956.[17]
- ^ Tauro del Pino, Alberto (2001). Enciclopedia ilustrada del Perú: FER-GUZ (in Spanish). Lima: Empresa Editora El Comercio S. A. p. 993. ISBN 9972401499.
- ^ Molinari 2006, p. 332.
- ^ González 1994, p. 234.
- ^ Chanamé 2021, p. 402; Molinari 2006, p. 333.
- ^ Ciccarelli 1990, p. 425.
- ^ Young 2006, p. 515.
- ^ Molinari 2006, p. 339-340.
- ^ Molinari 2006, p. 322; Gunitskiy 2011, p. 271; Villanueva & Crabtree 1977.
- ^ Molinari 2006, p. 338.
- ^ a b Haya de la Torre 2005, p. 212.
- ^ Molinari 2006, p. 321-322; Ciccarelli 1990, p. 408.
- ^ a b Chanamé 2021, p. 402.
- ^ a b c Haya de la Torre 2005, p. 213.
- ^ Molinari 2006, p. 336; Vargas 2017, p. 6.
- ^ González 1994, p. 236.
- ^ Chanamé 2021, p. 410.
- ^ González 1994, p. 237.