Prominent leaders of crusaders involved in the massacres included Peter the Hermit and especially Count Emicho.[4] As part of this persecution, the destruction of Jewish communities in Speyer, Worms and Mainz was noted as the Hurban Shum (Destruction of Shum).[5] These were new persecutions of the Jews in which peasant crusaders from France and Germany attacked Jewish communities. A number of historians have referred to the violence as pogroms.[6]
^David Nirenberg, 'The Rhineland Massacres of Jews in the First Crusade, Memories Medieval and Modern', in Medieval Concepts of the Past: Ritual, Memory, Historiography, pp. 279–310
Israel Jacob Yuval. Two Nations in Your Womb: Perceptions of Jews and Christians in Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages, University of California Press, 2008, ISBN978-0520258181, p. 186.
Nikolas Jaspert. The Crusades, Taylor & Francis, 2006, ISBN978-0415359672, p. 39.
Louis Arthur Berman. The Akedah: The Binding of Isaac, Jason Aronson, 1997, ISBN978-1568218991, p. 92.
Anna Sapir Abulafia, "Crusades", in Edward Kessler, Neil Wenborn. A Dictionary of Jewish-Christian Relations, Cambridge University Press, 2005, ISBN978-0521826921, p. 116.
Ian Davies. Teaching the Holocaust: Educational Dimensions, Principles and Practice, Continuum International Publishing Group, 2000, ISBN978-0826448514, p. 17.
Avner Falk. A Psychoanalytic History of the Jews, Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1996, ISBN978-0838636602, p. 410.
Hugo Slim. Killing Civilians: Method, Madness, and Morality in War, Columbia University Press, 2010, ISBN978-0231700375, p. 47.