Robert Barclay (1648–1690) was a Scottish Quaker writer and theologian.
Robert Barclay may also refer to:
- Sir Robert Barclay, 8th Baronet (1755–1839), MP for Newtown, Isle of Wight 1802–1807
- Robert Barclay (British Army officer) (1774–1811), officer in the British Army
- Robert Heriot Barclay (1786–1837), Scottish officer in the Royal Navy
- Robert Barclay (historiographer) (1833–1876), English ecclesiastical historiographer
- Sir Robert Noton Barclay (1872–1957), English export shipping merchant, banker and Liberal Party politician
- Robert Barclay (statistician) (1901–1973), Scottish statistician and scholar of Orkney
- Bobby Barclay (1906–1969), English footballer