Robert Patterson (1792–1881) was an American Civil War general, politician, and businessman.
Robert Patterson may also refer to:
- Robert Patterson (pioneer) (1753–1827), soldier in the American Revolution in Kentucky, a founder of Lexington and Cincinnati
- Robert Patterson (naturalist, born 1802) (1802–1872), Irish businessman and naturalist
- Robert Lloyd Patterson (1836–1906), his son, Irish naturalist and linen merchant
- Robert Patterson (naturalist, born 1863) (1863–1931), his nephew, Irish naturalist
- Robert H. Patterson Jr. (1927–2012), American attorney
- Robert Hogarth Patterson (1821–1886), Scottish journalist and author
- Robert J. Patterson (restaurateur) (1809–1884), New Brunswick restaurateur
- Robert J. Patterson (educator), American educator and professor
- Robert John Patterson, Canadian politician
- Robert Patterson (educator) (1743–1824), mathematician and 4th director of the U.S. Mint
- Robert Maskell Patterson (1787–1854), American educator and 6th director of the U.S. Mint
- Robert Martin Patterson (born 1948), United States Army soldier and Medal of Honor recipient
- Robert P. Patterson (1891–1952), United States secretary of war
- Robert Wilson Patterson Jr. (1850–1910), American newspaper editor and publisher
- Robert P. Patterson Jr. (1923–2015), U.S. federal judge
- Robert Patterson (Alberta politician) (1855–1938), member of the Legislative Assembly of Alberta
- Robert Patterson (Australian politician) (1844–1907), Australian politician
- Robert Lincoln Patterson (1887–1940), member of the California legislature
- Robert Chandler Patterson (born 1959), baseball pitcher
- Robert B. Patterson (1921–2017), American plantation manager and college football player, founded the first White Citizens' Council in Indianola, Mississippi
- Robert C. Patterson (fl. 1900s), college football player and coach
- Robert U. Patterson (1877–1950), Surgeon General of the United States Army
- Robert James Patterson (1868–1930), Irish Presbyterian minister and temperance activist