Romanian Communist Party

Not to be confused with Communitarian Party of Romania.

Romanian Communist Party
Partidul Comunist Român
LeaderGheorghe Cristescu (first)
Nicolae Ceaușescu (last)
Founded8 May 1921; 103 years ago (1921-05-08)
Dissolved22 December 1989; 34 years ago (1989-12-22)
Preceded bySocialist Party of Romania
Succeeded bySocialist Party of Labour (faction)[1]
HeadquartersBucharest, Romania
NewspaperScînteia[2]
Youth wingUnion of Communist Youth[3]
Pioneer wingPioneer Organization[4]
Paramilitary wingPatriotic Guards[5]
Membership (1989 est.)3.6 million–4 million[6]
IdeologyCommunism
Marxism–Leninism
Stalinism (until 1956)
Socialist patriotism
Left-wing nationalism
After 6 July 1971:
Social conservatism[7][original research?][8][9][better source needed][10][failed verification][11][failed verification]
Neo-Stalinism[12]
National communism[13]
Political positionFar-left[14][15]
National affiliationFND/BPD (1944–1968)
FDUS (1968–1989)
European affiliationBalkan Communist Federation (1921–1939)
International affiliationComintern (1921–1943)
Cominform (1947–1956)
Colours  Red[16]   Gold
Anthem"The Internationale"
Party flag

The Romanian Communist Party (Romanian: Partidul Comunist Român, [parˈtidul kɔmuˈnist rɔˈmɨn], PCR) was a communist party in Romania. The successor to the pro-Bolshevik wing of the Socialist Party of Romania, it gave an ideological endorsement to a communist revolution that would replace the social system of the Kingdom of Romania. After being outlawed in 1924, the PCR remained a minor and illegal grouping for much of the interwar period and submitted to direct Comintern control. During the 1920s and the 1930s, most of its activists were imprisoned or took refuge in the Soviet Union, which led to the creation of competing factions that sometimes came into open conflict. That did not prevent the party from participating in the political life of the country through various front organizations, most notably the Peasant Workers' Bloc. During the mid-1930s, due to the purges against the Iron Guard, the party was on the road to achieving power, but the dictatorship of king Carol II crushed this. In 1934–1936, PCR reformed itself in the mainland of Romania properly, with foreign observers predicting a possible communist takeover in Romania.[17] The party emerged as a powerful actor on the Romanian political scene in August 1944, when it became involved in the royal coup that toppled the pro-Nazi government of Ion Antonescu. With support from Soviet occupational forces, the PCR pressured King Michael I into abdicating, and it established the Romanian People's Republic in December 1947.

The party operated as the Romanian Workers' Party (Partidul Muncitoresc Romîn between 1948 and 1964 and Partidul Muncitoresc Român in 1964 and 1965) until it was officially renamed by Nicolae Ceaușescu, who had just been elected secretary general. Other legal, political parties existed in Romania, but their influence was limited and they were subordinate to the constitutionally-authorised leading role of the PCR. All other legal parties and entities were part of the Communist-dominated National Front.[18] The PCR was a communist party, organized based on democratic centralism, a principle conceived by Russian Marxist theoretician Vladimir Lenin, which entails a democratic and open discussion on policy on the condition of unity in upholding the agreed-upon policies. The highest body within the PCR was the Party Congress, which began in 1969 to convene every five years. The Central Committee was the highest body when Congress was not in session. Because the Central Committee met only twice a year, most day-to-day duties and responsibilities were vested in Politburo. The party leader held the office of General Secretary and, after 1945, held significant influence over the government. Between 1974 and 1989, the General Secretary also held the office of President of Romania.

Ideologically, the PCR was committed to Marxism–Leninism, a fusion of the original ideas of German philosopher and economic theorist Karl Marx, and Lenin, was introduced in 1929 by the Soviet leader Joseph Stalin, as the party's guiding ideology and would remain so through much of its existence. In 1948, the Communist Party absorbed the Romanian Social Democratic Party and attracted various new members. In the early 1950s, the group around Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej, with support from Stalin, defeated all other factions and achieved full control over the party and country. After 1953, the party gradually theorized a "national path" to communism. At the same time, however, the party delayed the time to join its Warsaw Pact brethren in de-Stalinization. The PCR's nationalist and national communist stance was continued under the leadership of Nicolae Ceaușescu. Following an episode of liberalization in the late 1960s, Ceaușescu again adopted a hard line by imposing the "July Theses", re-Stalinizing the party's rule by intensifying the spreading of communist ideology in Romanian society and at the same time consolidating his grip on power whilst using the Party's authority to brew a persuasive cult of personality. Over the years, the PCR massively increased to become entirely submitted to Ceaușescu's will. From the 1960s onward, it had a reputation for being far more independent of the Soviet Union than its brethren in the Warsaw Pact. However, it also became the most hardline party in the Eastern Bloc, which harmed its relationship with even the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. It collapsed in 1989 in the wake of the Romanian Revolution, but Romania kept its socialist-era constitution until 1991. Romania also retained its membership in the Warsaw Pact until its dissolution on 1 July 1991; that role had been largely symbolic since the late 1960s.

The PCR co-ordinated several organizations during its existence, including the Union of Communist Youth, and organized training for its cadres at the Ștefan Gheorghiu Academy (future SNSPA). In addition to Scînteia, its official platform and main newspaper between 1931 and 1989, the party issued several local and national publications at various points in its history (including, after 1944, România Liberă).

  1. ^ Roger East, Jolyon Pontin, Bloomsbury Publishing, 6 Oct 2016, Revolution and Change in Central and Eastern Europe: Revised Edition, p. 175
  2. ^ (in Romanian) "Scânteia, ziarul cu două fețe" ("Scânteia, the Two-Faced Journal"), in Evenimentul Zilei, 14 January 2006
  3. ^ "Rolul UTC în angrenajul totalitar" ("The UTC's Role in the Regime's Gear Mechanism"), Adrian Cioflancă, 22, 22 December 2006.
  4. ^ "DDR & Ostalgie - Lexikon - Pionierorganisation der SR Rumänien". Archived from the original on 26 April 2008. Retrieved 25 April 2008.
  5. ^ Jurnalul Național: Și verzi și roșii Archived 2018-03-13 at the Wayback Machine, Ilarion Tiu, 10 mai 2006 - Accesat la data de 10 aprilie 2011
  6. ^ "Romania: Information on the percentage of the population that are members of the communist party, from 1987". Refworld. 1 February 1996. Retrieved 31 December 2021.
  7. ^ DECRET Nr. 770 din 1 octombrie 1966-Ministerul Justitiei
  8. ^ Kligman, Gail. "Political Demography: The Banning of Abortion in Ceausescu's Romania". In Ginsburg, Faye D.; Rapp, Rayna, eds. Conceiving the New World Order: The Global Politics of Reproduction. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1995 :234-255. Unique Identifier : AIDSLINE KIE/49442.
  9. ^ Sabrina P. Ramet (2004). "Church and State in Romania before and after 1989". In Henry F. Carey (ed.). Romania Since 1989: Politics, Economics, and Society. Lanham, Maryland: Lexington Books. p. 290. ISBN 9780739105924.
  10. ^ Viviana Andreescu (2011). "From legal tolerance to social acceptance: predictors of heterosexism in Romania" (PDF). Revista Română de Sociologie. XXII (3–4). București: 209–231. Retrieved 25 March 2017.
  11. ^ Carl Stychin (2003). "Sexuality and EU Accession in Romania". Governing Sexuality: The Changing Politics of Citizenship and Law Reform. Portland: Hart Publishing. p. 117. ISBN 1-84113-267-5.
  12. ^ Stalinism und Neo-Stalinism in Romania. In: Southeastern Europe in the 19. und 20. century. Foreign ways– own ways (= Berliner Jahrbuch für osteuropäische Geschichte. Bd. 2). Akademie-Verlag, Berlin 1994, ISBN 3-05-002590-5, S. 87–102.
  13. ^ Petrescu, Cristina. "Rethinking National Identity after National-Communism? The case of Romania". www.eurhistxx.de. Archived from the original on 5 March 2014. Retrieved 3 April 2014.
  14. ^ March, Luke (2009). "Contemporary Far Left Parties in Europe: From Marxism to the Mainstream?" (PDF). IPG. 1: 126–143. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 May 2018 – via Friedrich Ebert Foundation.
  15. ^ "Left". Encyclopædia Britannica. 15 April 2009. Retrieved 22 May 2022. ... communism is a more radical leftist ideology.
  16. ^ Adams, Sean; Morioka, Noreen; Stone, Terry Lee (2006). Color Design Workbook: A Real World Guide to Using Color in Graphic Design. Gloucester, Massachusetts: Rockport Publishers. pp. 86. ISBN 159253192X. OCLC 60393965.
  17. ^ Giurgiu, Ioan; Pavel, Philip (2003). Communism in Romania : a study of Romanian communism from 1920 to 1947 (1st ed.). Bucharest, Romania: POLIROM. pp. 49–52. ISBN 978-3-8329-5609-7.
  18. ^ Nohlen, Dieter; Stöver, Philip (2010). Elections in Europe : a data handbook (1st ed.). Baden-Baden, Germany: Nomos. pp. 1604–1605. ISBN 978-3-8329-5609-7.