Rubbing alcohol (in America, surgical spirit elsewhere) is either an isopropyl alcohol or an ethanol-based liquid, with isopropyl alcohol products being the most widely available. The comparable British Pharmacopoeia (BP) is surgical spirit. Rubbing alcohol is denatured and undrinkable even if it is ethanol-based, due to the bitterants added.
They are liquids used primarily as a topical antiseptic.[1] They also have multiple industrial and household applications.[2][3] The term "rubbing alcohol" in North American English is a general term for either isopropyl alcohol (isopropanol) or ethyl alcohol (ethanol) products.[citation needed]
The United States Pharmacopeia (USP) defines "isopropyl rubbing alcohol USP" as containing approximately 70 percent alcohol by volume of pure isopropyl alcohol and defines "rubbing alcohol USP" as containing approximately 70 percent by volume of denatured alcohol.[4][5] In Ireland and the UK, the comparable preparation is surgical spirit B.P., which the British Pharmacopoeia defines as 95% methylated spirit, 2.5% castor oil, 2% diethyl phthalate, and 0.5% methyl salicylate.[6] Under its alternative name of "wintergreen oil", methyl salicylate is a common additive to North American rubbing alcohol products.[7] Individual manufacturers are permitted to use their own formulation standards in which the ethanol content for retail bottles of rubbing alcohol is labeled as and ranges from 70 to 99% v/v.[8]
All rubbing alcohols are unsafe for human consumption: isopropyl rubbing alcohols do not contain the ethyl alcohol of alcoholic beverages; ethyl rubbing alcohols are based on denatured alcohol, which is a combination of ethyl alcohol and one or more bitter poisons that make the substance toxic.
- ^ "Surgical Spirit meaning". Cambridge University Press. Retrieved 21 January 2016.
- ^ "Alcohols, phenols, and ethers". University of Nebraska–Lincoln. Britannica.com. Retrieved 22 January 2016.
- ^ "12 Ways to Use Rubbing Alcohol". Reader's digest. Archived from the original on 29 January 2016. Retrieved 22 January 2016.
- ^ "Isopropyl Rubbing Alcohol, chemical structure, molecular formula, Reference Standards". newdruginfo.com. United States Pharmacopeia. Retrieved 22 January 2016.
- ^ "Rubbing Alcohol, chemical structure, molecular formula, Reference Standards". newdruginfo.com. United States Pharmacopeia. Retrieved 22 January 2016.
- ^ "Surgical Spirit, BP". British National Formulary. Archived from the original on 11 May 2012. Retrieved 21 January 2016.
- ^ "'rubbing alcohol' wintergreen – search results". Drugs.com. Retrieved 22 January 2016.
- ^ Wilson, Charles; John H. Block; Ole Gisvold; John Marlowe Beale (2004). "8". Wilson and Gisvold's textbook of organic medicinal and pharmaceutical chemistry (11 ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 219. ISBN 978-0-7817-3481-3.