Russo-Turkish wars

Russo-Turkish wars
Part of Ottoman wars in Europe

Left to right from the top: Siege of Ochakov, Siege of Izmail, Siege of Sevastopol, Siege of Plevna, Battle of Sarikamish, Erzurum Offensive
Date1568–1918 (350 years)
Location
Eastern Europe, Balkans, Caucasus, Anatolia
Result Military campaigns largely resulted in Russian victories with the exception of Ottoman victories in the Pruth River Campaign, and the Crimean War
Formation of the Soviet Union and the Republic of Turkey in 1922 and 1923, respectively
Normalization of relations until the Cold War
Territorial
changes

Collapse and dissolution of both empires during World War I

Belligerents
Supported by:
  Ottoman Empire and vassal statesSupported by:
Commanders and leaders
Ivan the Terrible
Peter the Great
Russian Empire Burkhard Münnich
Russian Empire Peter Lacy
Russian Empire Catherine II
Russian Empire Grigory Potemkin
Russian Empire Fyodor Ushakov
Russian Empire Alexander I
Russian Empire Nicholas I #
Russian Empire Alexander II X
Russian Empire Dmitry Milyutin
Russian Empire Nicholas II
Russian Empire Nikolai Yudenich
Russia Alexander Kerensky
Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic Vladimir Lenin		 Selim II
Kara Mustafa Pasha Executed
Yahya Pasha
Mustafa III
Abdul Hamid I
Selim III
Mustafa IV
Mahmud II
Abdulmejid I
Omar Pasha
Abdul Hamid II
Osman Nuri Pasha
Mehmed Ali Pasha †
Enver Pasha
Mustafa Kemal Pasha
Casualties and losses
  • 1676–1681: 8,720
  • 1711: 27,285
  • 1735–1739: 100,000
  • 1787–1792: 72,000
  • 1806–1812: 70,000
  • 1853–1856: 143,000[1]–450,015
  • 1877–1878: 111,166
  • 1914–1918: 100,000[2]
Total: 632,171 to 938,285+
  • 1676–1681: 20,000
  • 1711: Unknown
  • 1735–1739: Unknown[a]
  • 1787–1792: 130,000
  • 1806–1812: 100,000
  • 1853–1856: 165,363
  •  
  • 1877–1878: 520,000
  • 1914–1918: 300,000+[2]
Total: 1,415,000+

Russo-Turkish wars (Russian: Русско-турецкие войны, romanized: Russko-turetskiye voyny) or Russo-Ottoman wars (Turkish: Osmanlı-Rus savaşları) were a series of twelve wars fought between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire between the 16th and 20th centuries. It was one of the longest series of military conflicts in European history.[3] Except for four wars (the war of 1676–1681, the Pruth River Campaign, the war of 1735–1739, and the Crimean War), the conflicts ended in losses for the Ottoman Empire, which was undergoing a long period of stagnation and decline; conversely, they showcased the ascendancy of Russia as a European power after the modernization efforts of Peter the Great in the early 18th century.[4][5][6]

  1. ^ Zayonchkovski, Аndrey (2002). Восточная война 1853-1856 [The Eastern War of 1853-1856] (in Russian). St. Petersburg: Piter. ISBN 978-5-89173-159-2.
  2. ^ a b #List of conflicts
  3. ^ Cite error: The named reference Dowlng was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  4. ^ Ágoston, G. (2011). "Military Transformation in the Ottoman Empire and Russia, 1500–1800". Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History. 12 (2). Slavica Publishers: 281–319. doi:10.1353/kri.2011.0018. ISSN 1538-5000. S2CID 19755686.
  5. ^ Kafadar, C. (1999). "The Question of Ottoman Decline". Harvard Middle East and Islamic Review. 4 (1–2).
  6. ^ Howard, D. A. (1988). "Ottoman Historiography and the Literature of Decline of the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries". Journal of Asian History. 22 (1). Harrassowitz Verlag: 52–77.


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