S-75 Dvina

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S-75 Desna / V-750 SA-2 Guideline, SA-N-2 Guideline
S-75 Dvina in the National Museum of Military History, Sofia, Bulgaria
Type	Strategic SAM system
Place of origin	Soviet Union
Service history
In service	1957–present
Used by	See list of present and former operators
Wars	Vietnam War Six-Day War Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 Yom Kippur War Iran–Iraq War Gulf War Yugoslav Wars War on Terror War in Abkhazia (1992–93) First Libyan Civil War Syrian Civil War Yemeni Civil War (2015–present) Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen Saudi–Yemeni border conflict (2015–present) Tigray War
Production history
Designer	Raspletin KB-1 (head developer), Grushin MKB Fakel (missile developer), Lavochkin OKB
Designed	1953–1957
Produced	1957
No. built	Approx 4,600 launchers produced[1]
Variants	SA-75 Dvina, S-75 Desna, S-75M Volkhov/Volga
Specifications (V-750[2])
Mass	2,300 kg (5,100 lb)
Length	10,600 mm (34 ft 9 in)
Diameter	700 mm (28 in)
Warhead	Frag-HE
Warhead weight	195 kg (430 lb)[2]
Detonation mechanism	Command
Propellant	Solid-fuel booster and a storable liquid-fuel upper stage
Operational range	45 km (28 mi)
Flight altitude	25,000 m (82,000 ft)
Boost time	5 seconds boost, then 20 seconds sustain
Maximum speed	Mach 3.5 (2,600 mph)
Guidance system	Radio control command guidance
Accuracy	65 m (210 ft)
Launch platform	Single rail, ground mounted (not mobile)

The S-75 (Russian: С-75; NATO reporting name SA-2 Guideline) is a Soviet-designed, high-altitude air defence system. It is built around a surface-to-air missile with command guidance. Following its first deployment in 1957 it became one of the most widely deployed air defence systems in history. It scored the first destruction of an enemy aircraft by a surface-to-air missile, with the shooting down of a Taiwanese Martin RB-57D Canberra over China on 7 October 1959 that was hit by a salvo of three V-750 (1D) missiles at an altitude of 20 km (66,000 ft).^[3] This success was credited to Chinese fighter aircraft at the time to keep the S-75 program secret.^[4]

This system first gained international fame when an S-75 battery, using the newer, longer-range, higher-altitude V-750VN (13D) missile was deployed in the 1960 U-2 incident, when it shot down the U-2 of Francis Gary Powers overflying the Soviet Union on May 1, 1960.^[5] The system was also deployed in Cuba during the Cuban Missile Crisis, when it shot down another U-2 (piloted by Rudolf Anderson) overflying Cuba on October 27, 1962, almost precipitating a nuclear war.^[6] North Vietnamese forces used the S-75 extensively during the Vietnam War to successfully defend Hanoi and Haiphong against US bombing. It was produced in the People's Republic of China under the names HQ-1 (under licence) and HQ-2 (modified, named FT-2000A). Egyptian engineers produced a reverse-engineered S-75 with the name Tayir-as-Sabah.^[7]