Salvador Allende | |
|---|---|
 Official portrait, 1970 | |
| 28th President of Chile | |
| In office 3 November 1970 – 11 September 1973 | |
| Preceded by | Eduardo Frei Montalva |
| Succeeded by | Augusto Pinochet |
| 56th President of the Senate of Chile | |
| In office 27 December 1966 – 15 May 1969 | |
| Preceded by | Tomás Reyes Vicuña |
| Succeeded by | Tomás Pablo Elorza |
| Member of the Senate | |
| In office 15 May 1969 – 3 November 1970 | |
| Preceded by | Constituency established |
| Succeeded by | Adonis Sepúlveda Acuña |
| Constituency | Chiloé, Aysén and Magallanes |
| In office 15 May 1961 – 15 May 1969 | |
| Preceded by | Carlos Alberto Martínez |
| Succeeded by | Hugo Ballesteros Reyes |
| Constituency | Aconcagua and Valparaíso |
| In office 15 May 1953 – 15 May 1961 | |
| Preceded by | Elías Lafertte Gaviño |
| Succeeded by | Raúl Ampuero Díaz |
| Constituency | Tarapacá and Antofagasta |
| In office 15 May 1945 – 15 May 1953 | |
| Preceded by | Luis Ambrosio Concha |
| Succeeded by | Aniceto Rodríguez Arenas |
| Constituency | Valdivia, Osorno, Llanquihue, Chiloé, Aysén and Magallanes |
| Secretary of the Socialist Party of Chile | |
| In office January 1943 – July 1944 | |
| Preceded by | Marmaduke Grove |
| Succeeded by | Bernardo Ibáñez |
| Minister of Health and Social Welfare | |
| In office 28 September 1939 – 2 April 1942 | |
| President | Pedro Aguirre Cerda |
| Preceded by | Miguel Etchebarne Riol |
| Succeeded by | Eduardo Escudero Forrastal |
| Member of the Chamber of Deputies | |
| In office 15 May 1937 – 28 September 1939 | |
| Preceded by | Humberto Casali Monreal |
| Succeeded by | Vasco Valdebenito García |
| Constituency | Quillota and Valparaíso |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Salvador Guillermo Allende Gossens 26 June 1908 Santiago, Chile |
| Died | 11 September 1973 (aged 65) Santiago, Chile |
| Cause of death | Suicide by gunshot |
| Resting place | Santiago General Cemetery |
| Political party | Socialist Party of Chile |
| Other political affiliations | Popular Unity Coalition |
| Spouse | |
| Children | 3, including Beatriz and Isabel |
| Relatives | Allende family |
| Alma mater | University of Chile |
| Profession |
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| Signature |  |
| Website | Foundation |
Salvador Guillermo Allende Gossens[A] (26 June 1908 – 11 September 1973) was a Chilean socialist politician[4][5] who served as the 28th president of Chile from 1970 until his death in 1973.[6] As a socialist committed to democracy,[7][8] he has been described as the first Marxist to be elected president in a liberal democracy in Latin America.[9][10][11]
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Allende's involvement in Chilean politics spanned a period of nearly forty years, during which he held various positions including senator, deputy, and cabinet minister. As a life-long committed member of the Socialist Party of Chile, whose foundation he had actively contributed to, he unsuccessfully ran for the national presidency in the 1952, 1958, and 1964 elections. In 1970, he won the presidency as the candidate of the Popular Unity coalition in a close three-way race. He was elected in a run-off by Congress, as no candidate had gained a majority. In office, Allende pursued a policy he called "The Chilean Path to Socialism". The coalition government was far from unanimous. Allende said that he was committed to democracy and represented the more moderate faction of the Socialist Party, while the radical wing sought a more radical course. Instead, the Communist Party of Chile favored a gradual and cautious approach that sought cooperation with Christian democrats,[7] which proved influential for the Italian Communist Party and the Historic Compromise.[12]
As president, Allende sought to nationalize major industries, expand education, and improve the living standards of the working class. He clashed with the right-wing parties that controlled Congress and with the judiciary. On 11 September 1973, the military moved to oust Allende in a coup d'état supported by the CIA, which initially denied the allegations.[13][14] In 2000, the CIA admitted its role in the 1970 kidnapping of General René Schneider who had refused to use the army to stop Allende's inauguration.[15][16] Declassified documents released in 2023 showed that US president Richard Nixon, his national security advisor Henry Kissinger, and the United States government, which had branded Allende as a dangerous communist,[8] were aware of the military's plans to overthrow Allende's democratically elected government in the days before the coup d'état.[17] As troops surrounded La Moneda Palace, Allende gave his last speech vowing not to resign.[18] Later that day, Allende died by suicide in his office;[19][20][21] the exact circumstances of his death are still disputed.[22][B]
Following Allende's death, General Augusto Pinochet refused to return authority to a civilian government, and Chile was later ruled by the Government Junta, ending more than four decades of uninterrupted democratic governance, a period known as the Presidential Republic. The military junta that took over dissolved Congress, suspended the Constitution of 1925, and initiated a program of persecuting alleged dissidents, in which at least 3,095 civilians disappeared or were killed.[24] Pinochet's military dictatorship only ended after the successful internationally backed 1989 constitutional referendum led to the peaceful Chilean transition to democracy.
- ^ "Allende". Collins English Dictionary. HarperCollins. Archived from the original on 27 July 2019. Retrieved 27 July 2019.
- ^ "Allende Gossens". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 27 July 2019.
- ^ "Allende, Isabel". Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English. Longman. Retrieved 20 August 2019.
- ^ Patsouras, Louis (2005). Marx in Context. iUniverse. p. 265.
In Chile, where a large socialist movement was in place for decades, a socialist, Salvadore Allende, led a popular front electoral coalition, including Communists, to victory in 1970.
- ^ Medina, Eden (2014). Cybernetic Revolutionaries: Technology and Politics in Allende's Chile. MIT Press. p. 39.
... in Allende's socialism.
- ^ "Profile of Salvador Allende". BBC. 8 September 2003. Archived from the original on 9 July 2017. Retrieved 15 May 2009.
Chile's Salvador Allende was murdered in a United States-backed coup on 11 September 1973 – three years earlier he had become Latin America's first democratically-elected Marxist president.
- ^ a b Cohen, Youssef (1994). Radicals, Reformers, and Reactionaries: The Prisoner's Dilemma and the Collapse of Democracy in Latin America. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press. pp. 98–118. ISBN 978-0-2261-1271-8. Retrieved 30 August 2023 – via Google Books.
- ^ a b Busky, Donald F. (2000). Democratic Socialism: A Global Survey. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 195–196. ISBN 978-0-275-96886-1. Retrieved 30 August 2023 – via Google Books.
- ^ "Chile: The Bloody End of a Marxist Dream". Time. 24 September 1973. ISSN 0040-781X. Retrieved 30 August 2023.
Allende's downfall had implications that reached far beyond the borders of Chile. His had been the first democratically elected Marxist government in Latin America.
- ^ Mabry, Don (2003). "Chile: Allende's Rise and Fall". Historical Text Archive. Archived from the original on 30 October 2006. Retrieved 30 August 2023.
- ^ Ross, Jen (12 December 2006). "Controversial legacy of former Chilean dictator". Christian Science Monitor. ISSN 0882-7729. Archived from the original on 16 May 2008. Retrieved 30 August 2023.
Gen. Augusto Pinochet, who overthrew Chile's democratically elected Communist government in a 1973 coup and ruled for 17 years, died Sunday without ever having been condemned for the human rights abuses committed during his rule.
- ^ Ayala, Fernando (31 October 2020). "Salvador Allende and the Chilean way to socialism". Meer. Retrieved 30 August 2023.
- ^ "Chile: The Bloody End of a Marxist Dream". Time. 24 September 1973. Archived from the original on 25 March 2014. Retrieved 5 August 2014. "Allende's downfall had implications that reached far beyond the borders of Chile. His had been the first democratically elected Marxist government in Latin America. ... Recently, Time Correspondent Rudolph Rauch visited a group of truckers camped near Santiago who were enjoying a lavish communal meal of steak, vegetables, wine and empanadas (meat pies). 'Where does the money for that come from?' he inquired. 'From the CIA,' the truckers answered laughingly. In Washington, the CIA denied the allegation."
- ^ Winn, Peter (2010). "Furies of the Andes". In Grandin & Joseph, Greg & Gilbert (ed.). A Century of Revolution. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. pp. 239–275.
- ^ Briscoe, David (20 September 2000). "CIA Admits Involvement in Chile". ABC News. Retrieved 30 August 2023.
- ^ Evans, Michael (10 August 2023). "National Security Archive: Chile's Coup at 50: Kissinger Briefed Nixon on Failed 1970 CIA Plot to Block Allende Presidency". H-Net. Retrieved 30 August 2023.
- ^ Wilkinson, Tracy (29 August 2023). "Previously classified documents released by U.S. show knowledge of 1973 Chile coup". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 30 August 2023.
- ^ Salvador Allende's Last Speech
- ^ "Chilean court confirms Allende suicide - CNN.com". Edition.cnn.com. 11 September 2012. Retrieved 12 September 2012.
- ^ "Chile inquiry confirms President Allende killed himself". Bbc.co.uk. 19 July 2011. Retrieved 12 September 2012.
- ^ "Admite hija de Allende suicidio de su padre". El Universal (in Spanish). Mexico City. 17 August 2003. Archived from the original on 14 October 2012.
- ^ Davison, Phil (20 June 2009). "Hortensia Bussi De Allende: Widow of Salvador Allende who helped lead opposition to Chile's military dictatorship". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 1 May 2022. Retrieved 20 April 2010.
- ^ "nacion.cl - Restos de Salvador Allende fueron exhumados". Lanacion.cl. 23 May 2011. Archived from the original on 18 December 2014. Retrieved 12 September 2012.
- ^ Associated Press in Santiago (8 July 2016). "Former Chilean army chief charged over 1973 killing of activists". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 5 May 2021. Retrieved 31 July 2021.
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