Sandinista National Liberation Front

"Sandinista" redirects here. For the Clash album, see Sandinista!

Sandinista National Liberation Front
Frente Sandinista de Liberación Nacional
AbbreviationFSLN
Secretary-GeneralDaniel Ortega
Founder
Founded19 July 1961; 63 years ago (19 July 1961)
HeadquartersLeal Villa De Santiago De Managua, Managua
NewspaperLa Voz del Sandinismo
Youth wingSandinista Youth
Women's wingAMNLAE
Membership (1990)<95,700[1][needs update]
Ideology
Political positionLeft-wing[15][16]
Historical:
Far-left[17][18]
ReligionChristianity[a]
Regional affiliationParliamentary Left Group (Central American Parliament)
Continental affiliationSão Paulo Forum
COPPPAL
Union affiliateSandinista Workers' Centre
ColorsOfficial:
  Red
  Black
Customary:
  Carmine red
National Assembly
75 / 90
Central American Parliament
15 / 20
Flag

The Sandinista National Liberation Front (Spanish: Frente Sandinista de Liberación Nacional, FSLN) is a Christian socialist political party in Nicaragua. Its members are called Sandinistas (Spanish pronunciation: [sandiˈnistas]) in both English and Spanish. The party is named after Augusto César Sandino, who led the Nicaraguan resistance against the United States occupation of Nicaragua in the 1930s.[19]

The FSLN overthrew Anastasio Somoza Debayle in the 1979 Nicaraguan Revolution, ending the Somoza dynasty, and established a revolutionary government in its place.[20][21] Having seized power, the Sandinistas ruled Nicaragua from 1979 to 1990, first as part of a Junta of National Reconstruction. Following the resignation of centrist members from this Junta, the FSLN took exclusive power in March 1981. They instituted literacy programs, nationalization, land reform, and devoted significant resources to healthcare, but came under international criticism for human rights abuses, including mass execution and oppression of indigenous peoples.[22][23] They were also criticized for mismanaging the economy and overseeing runaway inflation.[24]

A US-backed group, known as the Contras, was formed in 1981 to overthrow the Sandinista government and was funded and trained by the Central Intelligence Agency.[25] The United States sought to place economic pressure on the Sandinista government by imposing a full trade embargo[26] and by planting underwater mines in Nicaragua's ports.[27] In 1984, free and fair elections were held,[28][29] but were boycotted by opposition parties. The FSLN won the majority of the votes,[30] and those who opposed the Sandinistas won approximately a third of the seats. The civil war between the Contras and the government continued until 1989. After revising the constitution in 1987, and after years of fighting the Contras, the FSLN lost the 1990 election to Violeta Barrios de Chamorro in an election marked by US interference,[31] but retained a plurality of seats in the legislature. The FSLN is now Nicaragua's sole leading party. In the 2006 Nicaraguan general election, former FSLN President Daniel Ortega was reelected President of Nicaragua with 38.7% of the vote to 29% for his leading rival, bringing in the country's second Sandinista government after 17 years of other parties winning elections. In October 2009, the Supreme Court, which has a majority of Sandinista judges, overturned presidential term limits that were set by the constitution. Ortega and the FSLN were reelected in the presidential elections of 2011, 2016, and 2021, although these elections have been criticized by international observers.[32][33][34]

  1. ^ Merrill, Tim (1993). Nicaragua: A Country Study. Library of Congress.
  2. ^ Redacción Central (April 29, 2011). "Daniel: la unidad es fundamental para el proyecto Cristiano, Socialista y Solidario". La Voz del Sandinismo. Archived from the original on April 2, 2016. Retrieved August 18, 2014.
  3. ^ Redacción Central (December 24, 2012). "Rosario: Queremos la unión de Nicaragua entera alrededor del Cristianismo, el Socialismo y la Solidaridad". La Voz del Sandinismo. Archived from the original on April 5, 2016. Retrieved August 18, 2014.
  4. ^ Redacción Central (March 13, 2013). "Celebró Rosario en nombre del pueblo y el gobierno elección del papa Francisco". La Voz del Sandinismo. Archived from the original on April 3, 2016. Retrieved August 18, 2014.
  5. ^ La Botz, Dan (2016). What Went Wrong? The Nicaraguan Revolution: A Marxist Analysis. Koninklijke Brill. p. 147. ISBN 978-90-04-29131-7.
  6. ^ Reed, Jean-Pierre; Foran, John (2002). "Political Cultures of Opposition: Exploring Idioms, Ideologies, and Revolutionary Agency in the Case of Nicaragua". Critical Sociology. 28 (3): 356. doi:10.1177/08969205020280030401. S2CID 145100852.
  7. ^ Sabia, Debra (1997). Contradiction and Conflict: The Popular Church in Nicaragua. University of Alabama Press. p. 177. ISBN 978-05-85-21162-6.
  8. ^ "Daniel: la unidad es fundamental para el proyecto Cristiano, Socialista y Solidario – LVDS". La Voz del Sandinismo (in Spanish). April 29, 2011. Archived from the original on December 13, 2021. Retrieved December 13, 2021.
  9. ^ "Rosario: Queremos la unión de Nicaragua entera alrededor del Cristianismo, el Socialismo y la Solidaridad – LVDS". La Voz del Sandinismo (in Spanish). December 24, 2012. Archived from the original on December 13, 2021. Retrieved December 13, 2021.
  10. ^ Peñalba, Kohar (2012). "Daniel Ortega's Third Term of Office: The Controversial Re-Election of the President of Nicaragua". KAS International Reports. 1. Konrad Adenauer Stiftung: 59. ISSN 0177-7521. The parties approved by the Supreme Electoral Council (CSE) to contest the election included the left-wing populist Sandinista National Liberation Front (Frente Sandinista de Liberación Nacional, FSLN), the Independent Liberal Party (Partido Liberal Independiente, PLI), the Constitutionalist Liberal Party (Partido Liberal Constitucionalista, PLC) and two other smaller parties.
  11. ^ Miranda, Wilfredo (January 14, 2022). "El Chipote, the dungeon for Nicaragua's political prisoners". San José: El País. One of the ex-guerrilla fighters of Sandinismo, the left-wing populist movement that brought Ortega to power, is retired general Hugo Torres, 73.
  12. ^ Botz, Dan La (2016). What Went Wrong? The Nicaraguan Revolution: A Marxist Analysis. The Netherlands: Koninklijke Brill. pp. XIV–XV. ISBN 978-90-04-29130-0.
  13. ^ Hoyt, Katherine (1997). The Many Faces of Sandinista Democracy. Center for International Studies, Ohio University. p. 179. ISBN 0-89680-197-7.
  14. ^ Andrew, Christopher (2005). The World Was Going Our Way: The KGB and the Battle for the Third World: Newly Revealed Secrets from the Mitrokhin Archive. Basic Books. pp. 120–121. ISBN 978-0-465-00311-2.
  15. ^ "FACTBOX-Landmarks in Latin American left-wing politics". Reuters. October 5, 2007.
  16. ^ Ruhl, J. Mark (2003). "Civil-Military Relations in Post-Sandinista Nicaragua". Armed Forces & Society. 30 (1). Sage Publications, Inc.: 122. doi:10.1177/0095327X0303000105. S2CID 145351444.
  17. ^ Newman, Lucia (November 6, 2011). "Ortega widely supported despite controversy". Al Jazeera.
  18. ^ Fleming, Thomas (April 27, 2015). "Obama's Not the First President to Say 'Bucket' to Congress". Politico.
  19. ^ History Matters "To Abolish the Monroe Doctrine": Proclamation from Augusto César Sandino Retrieved 29/09/12
  20. ^ The Cuban Revolution and Its Extension: Resolution of the Socialist Workers Party. Page 74
  21. ^ States, Ideologies, and Social Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis of Iran, Nicaragua, and the Philippines by Misargh Parsa for Cambridge University Press. Page 224.
  22. ^ Cite error: The named reference Methods was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  23. ^ Courtois, Stéphane; Kramer, Mark (1999). The Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, Repression. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-07608-7. OCLC 41256361.
  24. ^ Lemoyne, James (December 20, 1987). "In Nicaragua, Economy is Hobbling Sandinistas". The New York Times.
  25. ^ ICJ (Nicaragua v. United States of America) Archived January 22, 2009, at the Wayback Machine June 27, 1986, Retrieved 26/09/12
  26. ^ "US Policy: Economic Embargo: The War Goes On". Envío. Central American University – UCA. Retrieved August 21, 2007.
  27. ^ Truver, SC. "Mines and Underwater IEDs in U.S. Ports and Waterways..." (PDF). p. 4. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 28, 2008. Retrieved August 21, 2007.
  28. ^ 1984: Sandinistas claim election victory, BBC – On This Day
  29. ^ Helicon, ed. (2016). "Ortega Saavedra, Daniel". The Hutchinson Unabridged Encyclopedia with Atlas and Weather Guide. Abington: Helicon.
  30. ^ "Nicaragua – The Sandinista Regime and After". HowStuffWorks. February 27, 2008. Archived from the original on August 8, 2008. Retrieved April 18, 2013.
  31. ^ Editorial (November 9, 1989). "Bush Vows to End Embargo if Chamorro Wins". The Washington Post.
  32. ^ "Nicaragua's Controversial Candidate Daniel Ortega | The World from PRX".
  33. ^ Kahn, Carrie (November 7, 2021). "Nicaragua may be holding presidential elections, but it is edging toward dictatorship". NPR. Archived from the original on June 29, 2023.
  34. ^ "Statement on Daniel Ortega's Decision Not to Invite International Observers to Nicaragua Elections".


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