Satanoperca

Satanoperca
S. leucosticta
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Cichliformes
Family: Cichlidae
Subfamily: Cichlinae
Tribe: Geophagini
Subtribe: Geophagina
Genus: Satanoperca
Günther, 1862
Type species
Geophagus daemon
Heckel, 1840

Satanoperca is a small genus of cichlids from South America, where they are known from the Orinoco, Essequibo, Nickerie, Amazon and Paraná–Paraguay river basins.[1][2] They are mainly found in areas with slow-moving waters,[3] but some species have also been recorded from rapids.[4]

They are part of a group popularly known as eartheaters and feed by picking up mouthfuls of sand to sift out food items such as invertebrates, plant material and detritus (the only exception is mid-water feeding S. acuticeps).[3] They often feed in small groups and one individual may act as a watchman, which will charge an approaching piranha with its mouth open and fins erected. The Satanoperca in the group take turn acting as watchman.[3]

Satanoperca are up to 25.5 cm (10 in) in standard length, but the smallest species reach less than 2⁄3 that size.[2] The species fall into two or three main groups: The S. daemon group (including S. lilith) are relatively large, and have a distinct dark spot on the tail and one or two dark spots on the side of the body. S. acuticeps is rather similar and variably placed in its own group or included in the S. daemon group, but it has three dark spots on the body and a differently shaped mouth. The remaining species are part of the S. jurupari group, which may have a small tail-spot and may have a poorly defined pattern of dark bands or blotches on the body, but always lack distinct dark spots on the body.[5][6][7]

  1. ^ Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Species in the genus Satanoperca". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 9 July 2019.
  2. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference FishBase was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  3. ^ a b c Cite error: The named reference Sleen2017 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  4. ^ Cite error: The named reference Kullander2012 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  5. ^ Cite error: The named reference Kullander1988 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  6. ^ Cite error: The named reference Willis2012 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  7. ^ Cite error: The named reference Ota2018 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).