Second Sudanese Civil War

Second Sudanese Civil War
Part of the Sudanese civil wars and the South Sudanese wars of independence

Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA) guerrillas celebrate around a disabled T-55 tank.
Date5 June 1983 – 9 January 2005
(21 years, 7 months and 4 days)
Location
Blue Nile, Nuba Mountains, Southern Sudan
Result

Stalemate[27]

Belligerents

Sudan Sudan

SSDF
SPLA dissidents

Nuer White Army
Uganda Ugandan insurgents:

 Zaire (1994–1997)[5][6]
al-Qaeda (1991–1996)[7][8][irrelevant citation]
 Iraq[a]
 China[b]

Combat aid:
 Libya (1986–1991)[12][13]
 DR Congo (1998–2003)
Non-combat aid:
 Iran[14]
 Belarus (from 1996)[15][16]

SPLA

SSLM
NDA
Sudanese Alliance Forces[18]
Anyanya II
Eastern Coalition
Derg (until 1987)[19]
PDR Ethiopia (1987–1991)[19]
Ethiopia FDR Ethiopia (1995–1998)[8]
 Eritrea (1996–1998, 2002–2005)[20]
 Uganda (from 1993)[21][22]
Non-combat aid:
 Libya (1983–1985)[23][24]
 Israel[25]
 Cuba (until 1991)[26]
Commanders and leaders
Sudan Gaafar Nimeiry
Sudan Suwar al-Dahab
Sudan Sadiq al-Mahdi
Sudan Omar al-Bashir
Paulino Matip Nhial
Rwanda Tharcisse Renzaho[1]
Riek Machar
Lam Akol
Kerubino Kuanyin
Peter Par Jiek
Uganda Juma Oris
Uganda Joseph Kony
Zaire Mobutu Sese Seko
Osama bin Laden [citation needed]		 John Garang
Salva Kiir Mayardit
Dominic Dim Deng
Riek Machar
Lam Akol
Kerubino Kuanyin
James Hoth Mai
Peter Par Jiek
Peter Gadet
Malik Agar
Mengistu Haile Mariam
Ethiopia Meles Zenawi
Isaias Afwerki
Yoweri Museveni
Strength

Tens of thousands

  • Ex-FAR: c. 500[1]
 Tens of thousands
Casualties and losses
1–2 million dead (mostly civilians, due to starvation and drought)

The Second Sudanese Civil War was a conflict from 1983 to 2005 between the central Sudanese government and the Sudan People's Liberation Army. It was largely a continuation of the First Sudanese Civil War of 1955 to 1972. Although it originated in southern Sudan, the civil war spread to the Nuba mountains and the Blue Nile. It lasted for almost 22 years and is one of the longest civil wars on record. The war resulted in the independence of South Sudan 6 years after the war ended.

Roughly two million people died as a result of war, famine and disease caused by the conflict. Four million people in southern Sudan were displaced at least once, normally repeatedly during the war. The civilian death toll is one of the highest of any war since World War II[28] and was marked by numerous human rights violations, including slavery and mass killings.

  1. ^ a b c Prunier (2004), p. 377.
  2. ^ a b Martell (2018), p. 137.
  3. ^ Prunier (2009), p. 82.
  4. ^ a b Leopold (2001), pp. 99–100.
  5. ^ Prunier (2004), pp. 376–377.
  6. ^ Prunier (2009), pp. 74, 82.
  7. ^ Connell (1998), p. 55.
  8. ^ a b de Waal (2007), p. 12.
  9. ^ Bassil (2013), pp. 168–169.
  10. ^ Martell (2018), p. 147.
  11. ^ a b Khalid (2010), p. 348.
  12. ^ Dixon, Jeffrey S., and Meredith Reid Sarkees. A Guide to Intra-state Wars an Examination of Civil, Regional, and Intercommunal Wars, 1816–2014, p. 392. Los Angeles, CA: Sage Reference, 2016.
  13. ^ Bassil (2013), p. 169.
  14. ^ Revolutionary Sudan: Hasan Al-Turabi and the Islamist State, 1989–2000 at Google Books
  15. ^ "Торговля оружием и будущее Белоруссии — Владимир Сегенюк — NewsLand". newsland.com.
  16. ^ "Завоюет ли Беларусь позиции на глобальных рынках оружия? — Vechek — NewsLand". newsland.com.
  17. ^ LeRiche & Arnold (2013), p. 101.
  18. ^ Plaut (2016), p. 77.
  19. ^ a b Vuylsteke (2018), p. 6.
  20. ^ Plaut (2016), pp. 77–78.
  21. ^ Prunier (2009), p. 75.
  22. ^ "Military Support for Sudanese Opposition Forces." Sudan. Retrieved 6 January 2016.
  23. ^ Collins, Robert O. Africa's Thirty Years War: Libya, Chad, and the Sudan, 1963–1993, p. 194.: Westview Press, 1999.
  24. ^ "SUDAN GLOBAL TRADE, LOCAL IMPACT Arms Transfers to all Sides in the Civil War in Sudan".
  25. ^ DeRouen & Heo (2007), p. 742.
  26. ^ "Interview with Yousif Kuwa Mekki".
  27. ^ Kadhim, Abbas K. Governance in the Middle East and North Africa: A Handbook. London: Routledge, 2013, p. 422
  28. ^ Sudan: Nearly 2 million dead as a result of the world's longest running civil war, U.S. Committee for Refugees, 2001. Archived 10 December 2004 on the Internet Archive. Retrieved 10 April 2007.


Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).