Secondary trauma can be incurred when an individual is exposed to people who have been traumatized themselves, disturbing descriptions of traumatic events by a survivor, or others inflicting cruelty on one another.[1] Symptoms of secondary trauma are similar to those of PTSD (e.g. intrusive re-experiencing of the traumatic material, avoidance of trauma triggers/emotions, negative changes in beliefs and feelings and hyperarousal).[1][2] Secondary trauma has been researched in first responders,[3] nurses and physicians,[4] mental health care workers,[2] and children of traumatized parents.[5]
^ abCieslak R, Shoji K, Douglas A, Melville E, Luszczynska A, Benight CC (February 2014). "A meta-analysis of the relationship between job burnout and secondary traumatic stress among workers with indirect exposure to trauma". Psychological Services. 11 (1): 75–86. doi:10.1037/a0033798. PMID23937082. S2CID6963118.
^ abCieslak R, Shoji K, Luszczynska A, Taylor S, Rogala A, Benight CC (September 2013). "Secondary trauma self-efficacy: concept and its measurement". Psychological Assessment. 25 (3): 917–28. doi:10.1037/a0032687. PMID23647049.
^Kleim B, Westphal M (2011). "Mental health in first responders: A review and recommendation for prevention and intervention strategies". Traumatology. 17 (4): 17–24. doi:10.1177/1534765611429079. S2CID71392117.
^Beck CT (February 2011). "Secondary traumatic stress in nurses: a systematic review". Archives of Psychiatric Nursing. 25 (1): 1–10. doi:10.1016/j.apnu.2010.05.005. PMID21251596.
^Lambert JE, Holzer J, Hasbun A (February 2014). "Association between parents' PTSD severity and children's psychological distress: a meta-analysis". Journal of Traumatic Stress. 27 (1): 9–17. doi:10.1002/jts.21891. PMID24464491.