Self-driving car

This article is about the road vehicle type. For the general concept, see Vehicular automation. For wider applications, see Unmanned ground vehicle.

Part of a series on
Self-driving cars & self-driving vehicles
Enablers
Topics
Related topics

A self-driving car, also known as a autonomous car (AC), driverless car, robotaxi, robotic car or robo-car,[1][2][3] is a car that is capable of operating with reduced or no human input.[4][5] Self-driving cars are responsible for all driving activities, such as perceiving the environment, monitoring important systems, and controlling the vehicle, which includes navigating from origin to destination.[6]

As of late 2024, no system has achieved full autonomy (SAE Level 5). In December 2020, Waymo was the first to offer rides in self-driving taxis to the public in limited geographic areas (SAE Level 4),[7] and as of April 2024 offers services in Arizona (Phoenix) and California (San Francisco and Los Angeles). In June 2024, after a Waymo self-driving taxi crashed into a utility pole in Phoenix, Arizona, all 672 of its Jaguar I-Pace were recalled after they were found to have susceptibility to crashing into pole like items and had their software updated.[8][9][10] In July 2021, DeepRoute.ai started offering self-driving taxi rides in Shenzhen, China. Starting in February 2022, Cruise offered self-driving taxi service in San Francisco,[11] but suspended service in 2023. In 2021, Honda was the first manufacturer to sell an SAE Level 3 car,[12][13][14] followed by Mercedes-Benz in 2023.[15]

A Waymo-operated Jaguar I-Pace in San Francisco, 2023. This model was recalled after a crash into a pole.[9]
Roborace autonomous racing car on display at the 2017 New York City ePrix
Baidu self-driving car
  1. ^ Taeihagh, Araz; Lim, Hazel Si Min (2 January 2019). "Governing autonomous vehicles: emerging responses for safety, liability, privacy, cybersecurity, and people risk". Transport Reviews. 39 (1): 103–128. arXiv:1807.05720. doi:10.1080/01441647.2018.1494640. ISSN 0144-1647. S2CID 49862783.
  2. ^ Maki, Sydney; Sage, Alexandria (19 March 2018). "Self-driving Uber car kills Arizona woman crossing street". Reuters. Retrieved 14 April 2019.
  3. ^ Thrun, Sebastian (2010). "Toward Robotic Cars". Communications of the ACM. 53 (4): 99–106. doi:10.1145/1721654.1721679. S2CID 207177792.
  4. ^ Xie, S.; Hu, J.; Bhowmick, P.; Ding, Z.; Arvin, F. (2022). "Distributed Motion Planning for Safe Autonomous Vehicle Overtaking via Artificial Potential Field". IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems. 23 (11): 21531–21547. doi:10.1109/TITS.2022.3189741. S2CID 250588120. Retrieved 2 February 2024.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  5. ^ Gehrig, Stefan K.; Stein, Fridtjof J. (1999). Dead reckoning and cartography using stereo vision for an automated car. IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems. Vol. 3. Kyongju. pp. 1507–1512. doi:10.1109/IROS.1999.811692. ISBN 0-7803-5184-3.
  6. ^ Xie, S.; Hu, J.; Ding, Z.; Arvin, F. (2023). "Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control for Connected Autonomous Vehicles Using Spring Damping Energy Model". IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology. 72 (3): 2974–2987. doi:10.1109/TVT.2022.3218575. S2CID 253359200. Retrieved 1 February 2024.
  7. ^ "Waymo's Robotaxis are Hitting the Highway, A First For Self Driving Cars". Forbes.
  8. ^ Valdes-Dapena, Peter (13 June 2024). "Waymo recalls driverless cars to make them less likely to drive into poles | CNN Business". CNN. Retrieved 21 June 2024.
  9. ^ a b Bellan, Rebecca (12 June 2024). "Waymo issues second recall after robotaxi hit telephone pole". TechCrunch. Retrieved 18 June 2024.
  10. ^ "Waymo recalls software in all its cars after its robotaxi crashes into a pole". NBC News. 13 June 2024. Retrieved 18 June 2024.
  11. ^ Vijayenthiran, Viknesh (2 February 2022). "Cruise opens up driverless taxi service to public in San Francisco". Motor Authority. Retrieved 27 March 2022.
  12. ^ Cite error: The named reference Honda-Legend was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  13. ^ Cite error: The named reference mainichi was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  14. ^ Cite error: The named reference car_and_driver_2021-03 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  15. ^ Cite error: The named reference Mercedes-Benz 2023 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).