Sense of community (or psychological sense of community) is a concept in community psychology, social psychology, and community social work, as well as in several other research disciplines, such as urban sociology. It focuses on the experience of community rather than its structure, formation, setting, or other features. The latter is the province of public administration or community services administration which needs to understand how structures influence this feeling and psychological sense of community. Sociologists, social psychologists, anthropologists, and others have theorized about and carried out empirical research on community, but the psychological approach asks questions about the individual's perception, understanding, attitudes, feelings, etc. about community and his or her relationship to it and to others' participation—indeed to the complete, multifaceted community experience.
In his seminal 1974 book, psychologist Seymour B. Sarason proposed that psychological sense of community become the conceptual center for the psychology of community, asserting that it "is one of the major bases for self-definition."[1] By 1986 it was regarded as a central overarching concept for community psychology.[2][3] In addition, the theoretical concept entered the other applied academic disciplines as part of "communities for all" initiatives in the US.[4]
Among theories of sense of community proposed by psychologists, McMillan's & Chavis's[5] is by far the most influential, and is the starting point for most of the recent research in the field. It is discussed in detail below.
- ^ Sarason, S.B. (1974). The psychological sense of community: Prospects for a community psychology. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
- ^ Sarason, S.B. (1986). "Commentary: The emergence of a conceptual center". Journal of Community Psychology. 14: 405–407. doi:10.1002/1520-6629(198610)14:4<405::AID-JCOP2290140409>3.0.CO;2-8.
- ^ Chavis, D.M.; Pretty, G. (1999). "Sense of community: Advances in measurement and application". Journal of Community Psychology. 27 (6): 635–642. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1520-6629(199911)27:6<635::AID-JCOP1>3.0.CO;2-F.
- ^ Magrab, P. (1999). "The meaning of community". In Roberts, R.N.; Magrab, P.R. (eds.). Where Children Live: Solutions for Serving Young Children and their Families. Stamford, Ct.: Ablex Publishing Co. pp. 3–30.
- ^ McMillan, D.W.; Chavis, D.M. (1986). "Sense of community: A definition and theory". Journal of Community Psychology. 14 (1): 6–23. doi:10.1002/1520-6629(198601)14:1<6::AID-JCOP2290140103>3.0.CO;2-I. S2CID 14729262.