Sexual and reproductive health

"Sexual health" redirects here. For other uses, see Sexual health (disambiguation).

Sexual and reproductive health. Top-left: HIV educational outreach session in Angola. Top-right: rapid HIV testing kit. Middle-left: an African Union Mission to Somalia (AMISOM) medical officer providing a general health check to a mother. Middle-right: a resource stand with condoms and wider SRH information at a transgender march in San Francisco. Bottom-left: midwives training at Pacific Adventist University. Bottom-right: a selection of tampons and menstrual cups.
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Sexual and reproductive health (SRH)[1] is a field of research, health care, and social activism that explores the health of an individual's reproductive system and sexual well-being during all stages of their life.[2][3][4] Sexual and reproductive health is more commonly defined as sexual and reproductive health and rights,[5] to encompass individual agency to make choices about their sexual and reproductive lives.

The term can also be further defined more broadly within the framework of the World Health Organization's (WHO) definition of health―as "a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity"―.[6] WHO has a working definition of sexual health (2006) as '“…a state of physical, emotional, mental and social well-being in relation to sexuality; it is not merely the absence of disease, dysfunction or infirmity. Sexual health requires a positive and respectful approach to sexuality and sexual relationships, as well as the possibility of having pleasurable and safe sexual experiences, free of coercion, discrimination and violence. For sexual health to be attained and maintained, the sexual rights of all persons must be respected, protected and fulfilled[5].” This includes sexual wellbeing, encompassing the ability of an individual to have responsible, satisfying and safe sex and the freedom to decide if, when and how often to do so. UN agencies in particular define sexual and reproductive health as including both physical and psychological well-being vis-à-vis sexuality.[7] Furthermore, the importance of ensuring sexual lives are pleasurable and satisfying, and not only focused on negative consequences of sex has been emphasized by many agencies such as the World Association of Sexual Health[8][9] as well as considering the positive impacts on health and well-being of safe and satisfying relationships.[10] A further interpretation includes access to sex education, access to safe, effective, affordable and acceptable methods of birth control, as well as access to appropriate health care services, as the ability of women to go safely through pregnancy and childbirth could provide couples with the best chance of having a healthy infant.

The critical Guttmacher- Lancet Commission on Sexual and reproductive health and rights states state 'Sexual and reproductive health and rights (SRHR) are essential for sustainable development because of their links to gender equality and women’s wellbeing, their impact on maternal, newborn, child, and adolescent health, and their roles in shaping future economic development and environmental sustainability. Yet progress towards fulfilling SRHR for all has been stymied because of weak political commitment, inadequate resources, persistent discrimination against women and girls, and an unwillingness to address issues related to sexuality openly and comprehensively. As a result, almost all of the 4·3 billion people of reproductive age worldwide will have inadequate sexual and reproductive health services over the course of their lives'.[11]

Individuals face inequalities in reproductive health services. Inequalities vary based on socioeconomic status, education level, age, ethnicity, religion, and resources available in their environment. Low income individuals may lack access to appropriate health services and/or knowledge of how to maintain reproductive health.[12] Additionally, many approaches involving women, families, and local communities as active stakeholders in interventions and strategies to improve reproductive health.[13]

  1. ^ Cottingham J, Kismödi E, Hussein J (December 2019). "Sexual and Reproductive Health Matters - What's in a name?". Sexual and Reproductive Health Matters. 27 (1): 1–3. doi:10.1080/09688080.2019.1574427. PMC 7887925. PMID 31884899.
  2. ^ "Reproductive Health". National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. Archived from the original on 2021-09-18. Retrieved 2021-09-18.
  3. ^ Mitchell KR, Lewis R, O'Sullivan LF, Fortenberry JD (2021). "What is sexual wellbeing and why does it matter for public health?". The Lancet Public Health. 6 (8): e608–e613. doi:10.1016/S2468-2667(21)00099-2. hdl:1805/31614. PMID 34166629. S2CID 235635898.
  4. ^ Sladden T, Philpott A, Braeken D, Castellanos-Usigli A, Yadav V, Christie E, Gonsalves L, Mofokeng T (2021-10-02). "Sexual Health and Wellbeing through the Life Course: Ensuring Sexual Health, Rights and Pleasure for All". International Journal of Sexual Health. 33 (4): 565–571. doi:10.1080/19317611.2021.1991071. ISSN 1931-7611. PMC 10903615. PMID 38595782.
  5. ^ a b "Defining sexual health". www.who.int. Retrieved 2024-02-07.
  6. ^ "WHO: Reproductive health". Archived from the original on 2012-07-09. Retrieved 2008-08-19.
  7. ^ International technical guidance on sexuality education: an evidence-informed approach (PDF). Paris: UNESCO. 2018. p. 22. ISBN 978-92-3-100259-5. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-11-13. Retrieved 2018-06-21.
  8. ^ World Association of Sexual Health WA (2019). "Mexico City World Congress of Sexual Health DECLARATION ON SEXUAL PLEASURE" (PDF). World Association of Sexual Health. Retrieved 7 February 2024.
  9. ^ Ford JV, Corona-Vargas E, Cruz M, Fortenberry JD, Kismodi E, Philpott A, Rubio-Aurioles E, Coleman E (2021-10-02). "The World Association for Sexual Health's Declaration on Sexual Pleasure: A Technical Guide". International Journal of Sexual Health. 33 (4): 612–642. doi:10.1080/19317611.2021.2023718. ISSN 1931-7611. PMC 10903694. PMID 38595778.
  10. ^ Gianotten WL, Alley JC, Diamond LM (2021-10-02). "The Health Benefits of Sexual Expression". International Journal of Sexual Health. 33 (4): 478–493. doi:10.1080/19317611.2021.1966564. ISSN 1931-7611. PMC 10903655. PMID 38595776.
  11. ^ Starrs AM, Ezeh AC, Barker G, Basu A, Bertrand JT, Blum R, Coll-Seck AM, Grover A, Laski L, Roa M, Sathar ZA, Say L, Serour GI, Singh S, Stenberg K, Temmerman M, Biddlecom A, Popinchalk A, Summers C, Ashford LS (2018). "Accelerate progress—sexual and reproductive health and rights for all: report of the Guttmacher–Lancet Commission". The Lancet. 391 (10140): 2642–2692. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30293-9. PMID 29753597.
  12. ^ Hall KS, Moreau C, Trussell J (February 2012). "Determinants of and disparities in reproductive health service use among adolescent and young adult women in the United States, 2002-2008". American Journal of Public Health. 102 (2): 359–67. doi:10.2105/ajph.2011.300380. PMC 3483992. PMID 22390451.
  13. ^ Dada S, Cocoman O, Portela A, Brún AD, Bhattacharyya S, Tunçalp Ö, Jackson D, Gilmore B (2023-02-01). "What's in a name? Unpacking 'Community Blank' terminology in reproductive, maternal, newborn and child health: a scoping review". BMJ Global Health. 8 (2): e009423. doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2022-009423. ISSN 2059-7908. PMC 9906186. PMID 36750272. Archived from the original on 2023-02-08. Retrieved 2023-02-08.