Shaft sinking

"Mineshaft" redirects here. For other uses, see Mineshaft (disambiguation).
Abandoned mine shafts in Marl, Germany
A plan-view schematic of a mine shaft showing cage and skip compartments. Services may be housed in either of the four open compartments.

Shaft mining or shaft sinking is the action of excavating a mine shaft from the top down, where there is initially no access to the bottom.[1] Shallow shafts, typically sunk for civil engineering projects, differ greatly in execution method from deep shafts, typically sunk for mining projects.

Shaft sinking is one of the most difficult of all mining development methods: restricted space, gravity, groundwater and specialized procedures make the task quite formidable.[2] Shafts may be sunk by conventional drill and blast or mechanised means.

Historically, mine shaft sinking has been among the most dangerous of all the mining occupations and the preserve of mining contractors called sinkers.[3] Today shaft sinking contractors are concentrated in Canada, Germany, China and South Africa.

The modern shaft sinking industry is gradually shifting further towards greater mechanisation. Recent innovations in the form of full-face shaft boring[4] (akin to a vertical tunnel boring machine) have shown promise but the use of this method is, as of 2019, not widespread.[5]

  1. ^ Puhakka, Tuula, ed. (1997). Underground Drilling and Loading Handbook. Tampere, Finland: Tamrock Corp. p. 173.
  2. ^ Hartman, Howard L. (2002). Introductory Mining Engineering 2nd ed. John Wiley and Sons Inc. pp. 282, 284. ISBN 0-471-34851-1.
  3. ^ "A Glossary of Mining Terms used in mid 1800s". GENUKI. Retrieved 10 April 2017.
  4. ^ Rennkamp, P (2019). "Case Study - Blind Shaft Sinking for BHP Jansen Project". SDC 2019 - Proceedings: 42.
  5. ^ Gleeson, D (September 2018). "That Sinking Feeling". International Mining. p. 28.