Shavit 2

Shavit 2
שביט
FunctionExpendable launch vehicle
ManufacturerIsrael Aerospace Industries
Country of originIsrael
Cost per launch$18M
Size
Height26.4 m
Diameter1.35 m
Mass30,500–70,000 kg
Stages4
Capacity
Payload to LEO
Mass350–800 kg [1]
Launch history
StatusActive
Launch sitesPalmachim Airbase
Total launches12
Success(es)10
Failure(s)2
First flight19 September 1988
Last flight28 March 2023
First stage (LeoLink LK-1) – LK-1
Powered byLK-1
Maximum thrust553.8 kN (124,499 lbf)
Specific impulse268 seconds
Burn time55 seconds
PropellantHTPB
First stage (LeoLink LK-2) – Castor 120
Maximum thrust1650.2 kN (370,990 lbf)
Specific impulse280 seconds
Burn time82 seconds
PropellantHTPB polymer, Class 1.3 C
Second stage – LK-1
Powered by1 LK-1
Maximum thrust515.8 kN
Specific impulse268 seconds
Burn time55 seconds
PropellantHTPB
Third stage – RSA-3-3
Powered by1 RSA-3-3
Maximum thrust58.6 kN
Specific impulse298 seconds
Burn time94 seconds
PropellantSolid
Fourth stage – LK-4
Powered by1 LK-4
Maximum thrust0.402 kN
Specific impulse200 seconds
Burn time800 seconds
PropellantHydrazine[2]

Shavit 2 (Hebrew: "comet" – שביט) is a small lift launch vehicle produced by Israel from 1982 onwards, to launch satellites into low Earth orbit. It was first launched on 19 September 1988 (carrying an Ofek-1 satellite payload), making Israel the eighth nation to have an orbital launch capability[3] after the USSR, United States, France, Japan, People's Republic of China, United Kingdom, and India.

The Shavit 2 project is believed to have been an offshoot development, resulting from Israel's Jericho nuclear armed intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) program.[4][5]

Shavit rockets are launched from Palmachim Airbase by the Israel Space Agency into highly retrograde orbits over the Mediterranean Sea to prevent debris coming down in populated areas and also to avoid flying over nations hostile to Israel to the east; this results in a lower payload-to-orbit than east-directed launches would allow.[3][6] The launcher consists of three stages powered by solid-fuel rocket motors, with an optional liquid-fuel fourth stage, and is manufactured by Israel Aircraft Industries (IAI).

The Republic of South Africa produced and tested a licensed version in cooperation with Israel called the RSA-3 in an ultimately unsuccessful bid to produce a domestic satellite launch vehicle and ballistic missile; the South African program was closed in 1994.[7]

An earlier unrelated project called Shavit 2 was the first Israeli sounding rocket, launched on 5 July 1961 for meteorological research.[8] Shavit Three, with an altitude reported as 100 miles (160 km), was launched on 11 August 1961.

  1. ^ "Shavit", Space launch systems, Deagel
  2. ^ "Astronautix leolinklk-1 Review". Archived from the original on 28 December 2016. Retrieved 14 June 2021.
  3. ^ a b "Shavit". Space Launch Report. 20 April 2014. Archived from the original on 25 January 2016. Retrieved 7 July 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  4. ^ "Delivery systems", Israel (country profile), NTI.
  5. ^ Report of the Secretary-General (1991). South Africa's Nuclear-Tipped Ballistic Missile Capability (PDF). Department for Disarmament Affairs. Disarmament Study Series. New York: United Nations. doi:10.18356/8afa8632-en. ISBN 92-1-142178-0.
  6. ^ Stephen Clark (22 June 2010). "New Israeli spy satellite blasts off into the night". Spaceflight Now. Retrieved 7 July 2015.
  7. ^ "RSA". Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 6 February 2015.
  8. ^ Google Books [1] [2]