The modern terms short-sea shipping (sometimes unhyphenated), marine highway and motorways of the sea, as well as the more historical terms coastal trade, coastal shipping, coasting trade and coastwise trade, all encompass the movement of cargo and passengers mainly by sea along a coast, without crossing an ocean.[1]
Short-sea shipping (or a translation thereof) is the term used by the European Commission and commonly throughout the European Union.[1] Many English-speaking countries have used the British terms coasting trade and coastwise trade.[2]
The United States maintained these term from its colonial era, including for domestic slave trade that shipped slaves by water from the Upper South to major markets, especially New Orleans. The US and began regulating general coasting trade as early as 1793, with "An act for enrolling and licensing ships and vessels to be employed in the coasting trade and fisheries, and for regulating the same", which passed Congress on February 18 of that year.[3] Over the years, it has been codified as Title 46 of the United States Code, Chapter 551 (46 USC Ch. 551), "Coastwise Trade".[4]
Some short-sea ship vessels are small enough to travel inland on inland waterways. Short-sea shipping includes the movements of wet and dry bulk cargoes, containers and passengers around the coast (say from Lisbon to Rotterdam or from New Orleans to Philadelphia). Typical ship sizes range from 1,000 DWT (tonnes deadweight – i.e., the amount of cargo they carry) to 15,000 DWT with drafts ranging from around 3 to 6 m (10 to 20 ft). Typical (and mostly bulk) cargoes include grain, fertilisers, steel, coal, salt, stone, scrap, minerals, and oil products (such as diesel oil, kerosene, and aviation fuel), containers, and passengers.
In Europe, short-sea shipping is at the forefront of the European Union's transportation policy. It currently accounts for roughly 40% of all freight moved in Europe. In the US, short-sea shipping has yet to be used to the extent it is in Europe, but there is some development. The main advantages promoted for this type of shipping are alleviation of congestion, decrease of air pollution, and overall cost savings to the shipper and a government. Shipping goods by ship (one 4,000 DWT vessel is equivalent to between 100–200 trucks) is far more efficient and cost-effective than road transport (though the goods, if bound inland, have to be transferred and delivered by truck) and is much less prone to theft and damage.
Roughly 40% of all freight moved in Europe is classified as short-sea shipping, but the greater percentage of this cargo moves through Europe’s heartland on rivers and not oceans. In the past decade, the term short-sea shipping has evolved in a broader sense to include point-to-point cargo movements on inland waterways as well as inland to ocean ports for shipment over oceans.
The contrasting terms deep-sea shipping, intercontinental shipping and ocean shipping refer to maritime traffic that crosses oceans. Short-sea shipping is also distinct from inland navigation, notably between two cities along a river.
- ^ a b "The Development of Short Sea Shipping in Europe: A Dynamic Alternative in a Sustainable Transport Chain – Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions, Second Two-yearly Progress Report" (PDF). EC.Europa.eu. European Commission. 1999.
Short sea shipping means the movement of cargo and passengers by sea between ports situated in geographical Europe or between those ports and ports situated in non-European countries having a coastline on the enclosed seas bordering Europe. Short-sea shipping includes domestic and international maritime transport, including feeder services, along the coast and to and from the islands, rivers and lakes. (feeder services form a short sea network between hub ports at which containers and other freight can be consolidated or redistributed to or from a deep-sea service.) The concept of short sea shipping also extends to maritime transport between the Member States of the Union and Norway and Iceland and other States on the Baltic Sea, the Black Sea and the Mediterranean.
Oddly, this source uses both the hyphenated and unhyphenated forms in the same passage. - ^ Brooks, Mary R. (2009). "Liberalization in Maritime Transport – Forum Paper 2009-2" (PDF). International Transport Forum 2009: Transport for a Global Economy – Challenges and Opportunities in the Downturn. Vol. Forum Papers Vol. 2. Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 October 2011. Retrieved 5 December 2019.
- ^ "Chap.VIII—An act for enrolling and licensing ships and vessels to be employed in the coasting trade and fisheries, and for regulating the same", A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation: U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates, 1774–1875, Statutes at Large, 2nd Congress, 2nd Session. Library of Congress
- ^ Ch. 551, Coastwise Trade