Siege of Corinth

Siege of Corinth
Part of the American Civil War
Ohio troops at the battlefield of Corinth, taken December 1862, after the second battle fought at Corinth.
Date April 29, 1862 (1862-04-29) – May 30, 1862 (1862-05-30)[1] Location Corinth, Mississippi 34°56′02″N 88°31′19″W / 34.934°N 88.522°W / 34.934; -88.522 Result Union victory
Belligerents
United States (Union)	CSA (Confederacy)
Commanders and leaders
Henry Halleck Ulysses S. Grant George H. Thomas Don Carlos Buell John Pope	P. G. T. Beauregard Braxton Bragg Earl Van Dorn
Units involved
Army of the Tennessee Army of the Ohio Army of the Mississippi	Army of Mississippi Army of the West
Strength
120,000	65,000
Casualties and losses
1,000+[2]	1,000+[2]

The siege of Corinth (also known as the first battle of Corinth) was an American Civil War engagement lasting from April 29 to May 30, 1862, in Corinth, Mississippi. A collection of Union forces under the overall command of Major General Henry Halleck engaged in a month-long siege of the city, whose Confederate occupants were commanded by General P.G.T. Beauregard. The siege resulted in the capture of the town by Federal forces.

The town was a strategic point at the junction of two vital railroad lines, the Mobile and Ohio Railroad and the Memphis and Charleston Railroad. Former Confederate Secretary of War LeRoy Pope Walker called this intersection "the vertebrae of the Confederacy."^[3] Halleck argued: "Richmond and Corinth are now the great strategic points of the war, and our success at these points should be insured at all hazards."^[3] Another reason for the town's importance was that, if captured by Union forces, it would threaten the security of Chattanooga, Tennessee, and render Southern control of the track west of that East Tennessee bastion meaningless.

The siege ended when the outnumbered Confederates withdrew on May 29. This effectively cut off the prospect of further Confederate attempts to regain western Tennessee. The Union forces under Ulysses S. Grant took control and made it the base for Grant's operations to seize control of the Mississippi River Valley and especially the Confederate stronghold of Vicksburg, Mississippi. Grant later recalled in his memoirs the importance Corinth held in the cause of a Union victory in the region: "Corinth was a valuable strategic point for the enemy to hold, and consequently a valuable one for us to possess ourselves of."^[4] General C. S. Hamilton later recounted that the importance of Corinth was summed up as such: "The Confederate armies had been driven from the Ohio River, almost out of the States of Tennessee and Kentucky a steadying back for a distance of 200 miles Federal occupation reaching the Gulf States where chivalrous foes had been sure Yankee would never set foot."^[5] Sherman too later wrote of the importance that Corinth held after the Second Battle of Corinth was concluded: "In Memphis I could see its effects upon the citizens, and they openly admitted that their cause had sustained a death-blow."^[6]

With the siege of Corinth completed, Federal troops had the opportunity to strike towards Vicksburg or Chattanooga, but it was after the Second Battle of Corinth that October that Grant struck for Vicksburg. The Siege of Corinth was described by Major General Sherman as a change in the tactics in West Tennessee: "The effect of the battle of Corinth was very great. It was, indeed, a decisive blow to the Confederate cause in our quarter, and changed the whole aspect of affairs in West Tennessee. From the timid defensive we were at once enabled to assume the bold offensive."^[6]