Siege of Trebizond (1461)

Siege of Trebizond
Part of the Byzantine–Ottoman Wars
Fortification plan of (central) medieval Trebizond (modern Trabzon, Turkey). Current remains in red.
Date 14 September 1460 – 15 August 1461[1] Location Trebizond, Empire of Trebizond (now Trabzon, Trabzon Province, Turkey) 41°0′0.00″N 39°43′59.99″E / 41.0000000°N 39.7333306°E / 41.0000000; 39.7333306 Result Ottoman victory Fall of Trebizond
Belligerents
Ottoman Empire	Empire of Trebizond
Commanders and leaders
Mehmed II Mahmud Angelović	David of Trebizond George Amiroutzes
Strength
80,000 infantry 60,000 cavalry 10 warships 200 galleys[2]	Unknown
class=notpageimage| Location within Turkey Show map of Turkey Siege of Trebizond (1461) (Black Sea) Show map of Black Sea

The siege of Trebizond was the successful siege of the city of Trebizond, capital of the Empire of Trebizond, by the Ottomans under Sultan Mehmed II, which ended on 15 August 1461.^[1] The siege culminated a lengthy campaign on the Ottoman side, which involved coordinated but independent manoeuvres by a large army and navy. The Trapezuntine defenders had relied on a network of alliances, which would provide them with support and a workforce when the Ottomans began their siege. Still, it failed when Emperor David Megas Komnenos most needed it.

The Ottoman land campaign, which was the more challenging part, involved intimidating the ruler of Sinope into surrendering his realm, a march lasting more than a month through uninhabited mountainous wilderness, several minor battles with different opponents and finally the siege of Trebizond. The combined Ottoman forces blockaded the fortified city by land and sea until Emperor David agreed to surrender his capital city on terms. In return for his tiny realm, he would be given properties elsewhere in the Ottoman Empire, where he, his family, and his courtiers would live until their execution some two years later. For the rest of the inhabitants of Trebizond, The Sultan divided them into three groups. One group was forced to leave Trebizond and resettle in Constantinople. Another group became slaves either of the Sultan or of his dignitaries. The last group was left to live in the countryside surrounding Trebizond but not within its walls. Some 800 male children became recruits for his Janissaries, the elite Ottoman military unit, which required them to convert to Islam.^[3]

With the last members of the Palaiologan dynasty having fled the Despotate of the Morea the previous year for Italy, Trebizond had become the last outpost of Byzantine civilization, which came to an end with Trebizond's fall.^[4] "It was the end of the free Greek world," wrote Steven Runciman, who then noted that those Greeks still not under Ottoman rule lived "under lords of an alien race and an alien form of Christianity. Only among the wild villages of Mani, in the southeastern Peloponnese, into whose rugged mountains no Turk ventured to penetrate, was there left any semblance of liberty."^{[5][better source needed]}