Sind (caliphal province)

Sind سنڌ‎
711–861
KARKOTAS PATOLAS South-Asia 750 CE PANDYAS CHOLAS TURK SHAHIS TIBETAN EMPIRE ZUNBILS MAITRAKAS GURJARA PRATIHARAS PALA EMPIRE CHALUKYAS ABBASID CALIPHATE TANG DYNASTY KALINGAS KALACHURIS ◁ ▷ Map of Arab Sind under the Abbasid Caliphate, and neighbouring polities, c. 750 CE[1]
Capital	Aror
Common languages	Sindhi, Sanskrit, Arabic
Religion	State religion: Islam Other religions: Other religions in South Asia
Government	Caliphal province
Governor
• 711– 715 (first)	Muhammad bin Qasim
• 854– 861 (last)	Umar ibn'Abd al-Aziz al'Habbari
History
• Arab-Muslim conquest	711
• Anarchy at Samarra	861
Preceded by Succeeded by Brahman dynasty of Sindh Habbari dynasty Emirate of Multan
Today part of	Pakistan, small parts of India

Sind (Arabic: سند, Urdu & Sindhi: سنڌ) was an administrative division of the Umayyad Caliphate and later of the Abbasid Caliphate in post-classical India, from around 711 CE with the Umayyad conquest of Sindh by the Arab military commander Muhammad ibn al-Qasim, to around 854 CE with the emergence of the independent dynasties of the Habbarid Emirate in Sindh proper and the Emirate of Multan in Punjab. The "Governor of Sind" (Arabic: عامل السند, romanized: ‘āmil al-Sind)^[2] was an official who administered the caliphal province over what are now Sindh, southern Punjab and Makran (Balochistan) in Pakistan.

The governor was the chief Muslim official in the province and was responsible for maintaining security in the region. As the leader of the provincial military, he was also in charge of carrying out campaigns against the non-Muslim kingdoms of India. Governors appointed to the region were selected either directly by the caliph or by an authorized subordinate, and remained in office until they either died or were dismissed.