Singapore

Republic of Singapore Malay: Republik Singapura Mandarin: 新加坡共和国 Xīnjiāpō Gònghéguó Tamil: சிங்கப்பூர் குடியரசு Ciṅkappūr Kuṭiyaracu
Flag Coat of arms
Motto: Majulah Singapura (Malay) "Onward Singapore"
Anthem: Majulah Singapura (Malay) "Onward Singapore"
Capital	Singapore (city-state)[a] 1°17′N 103°50′E / 1.283°N 103.833°E / 1.283; 103.833
Largest planning area by population	Tampines[1]
Official languages	English Malay Mandarin Tamil
National language	Malay
Ethnic groups (2023)[b]	74.3% Chinese 13.5% Malay 9.0% Indian 3.2% Other
Religion (2020)[c]	31.1% Buddhism 20.0% no religion 18.9% Christianity 15.6% Islam 8.8% Taoism 5.0% Hinduism 0.6% other
Demonym(s)	Singaporean
Government	Unitary parliamentary republic
• President	Tharman Shanmugaratnam
• Prime Minister	Lawrence Wong
Legislature	Parliament
Independence  from the United Kingdom and Malaysia
• Self-governance	3 June 1959
• Malaysia Agreement	16 September 1963
• Proclamation of Singapore	9 August 1965
Area
• Total	735.6 km2 (284.0 sq mi)[4] (176th)
Population
• 2024 estimate	6,040,000[d] (113th)
• Density	7,804/km2 (20,212.3/sq mi) (3rd)
GDP (PPP)	2024 estimate
• Total	$879,980 billion[6] (35th)
• Per capita	$148,186[6] (2nd)
GDP (nominal)	2024 estimate
• Total	$530,708 billion[6] (28th)
• Per capita	$89,370[6] (5th)
Gini (2023)	43.3[7] medium inequality
HDI (2022)	0.949[8] very high (9th)
Currency	Singapore dollar (S$) (SGD)
Time zone	UTC+8 (Singapore Standard Time)
Calling code	+65
ISO 3166 code	SG
Internet TLD	.sg

Singapore,^[e] officially the Republic of Singapore, is an island country and city-state in Southeast Asia. The country's territory comprises one main island, 63 satellite islands and islets, and one outlying islet. It is about one degree of latitude (137 kilometres or 85 miles) north of the equator, off the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula, bordering the Strait of Malacca to the west, the Singapore Strait to the south along with the Riau Islands in Indonesia, the South China Sea to the east, and the Straits of Johor along with the State of Johor in Malaysia to the north.

Singapore's history dates back at least eight hundred years, having been a maritime emporium known as Temasek and subsequently a major constituent part of several successive thalassocratic empires. Its contemporary era began in 1819, when Stamford Raffles established Singapore as an entrepôt trading post of the British Empire. In 1867, Singapore came under the direct control of Britain as part of the Straits Settlements. During World War II, Singapore was occupied by Japan in 1942 and returned to British control as a separate Crown colony following Japan's surrender in 1945. Singapore gained self-governance in 1959 and, in 1963, became part of the new federation of Malaysia, alongside Malaya, North Borneo, and Sarawak. Ideological differences led to Singapore's expulsion from the federation two years later; Singapore became an independent sovereign country in 1965. After early years of turbulence and despite lacking natural resources and a hinterland, the nation rapidly developed to become one of the Four Asian Tigers.

As a highly developed country, it has one of the highest GDP per capita (PPP) in the world. It is also identified as a tax haven. Singapore is the only country in Asia with a AAA sovereign credit rating from all major rating agencies. It is a major aviation, financial, and maritime shipping hub and has consistently been ranked as one of the most expensive cities to live in for expatriates and foreign workers. Singapore ranks highly in key social indicators: education, healthcare, quality of life, personal safety, infrastructure, and housing, with a home-ownership rate of 88 percent. Singaporeans enjoy one of the longest life expectancies, fastest Internet connection speeds, lowest infant mortality rates, and lowest levels of corruption in the world. It has the third highest population density of any country in the world, although there are numerous green and recreational spaces as a result of urban planning. With a multicultural population and in recognition of the cultural identities of the major ethnic groups within the nation, Singapore has four official languages: English, Malay, Mandarin, and Tamil. English is the common language, with exclusive use in numerous public services. Multi-racialism is enshrined in the constitution and continues to shape national policies in education, housing, and politics.

Singapore is a parliamentary republic in the Westminster tradition of unicameral parliamentary government, and its legal system is based on common law. While the country is de jure a multi-party democracy with free elections, the government under the People's Action Party (PAP) wields widespread control and political dominance. The PAP has governed the country continuously since full internal self-government was achieved in 1959, and holds a supermajority in Parliament. One of the five founding members of ASEAN, Singapore is also the headquarters of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Secretariat, the Pacific Economic Cooperation Council Secretariat, and is the host city of many international conferences and events. Singapore is also a member of the United Nations, the World Trade Organization, the East Asia Summit, the Non-Aligned Movement, and the Commonwealth of Nations.

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