Singing Revolution

Singing Revolution
Part of the Revolutions of 1989 and the Dissolution of the Soviet Union
The Baltic Way human chain in 1989
Date14 June 1987 – 6 September 1991 (1987-06-14 – 1991-09-06)
(4 years, 2 months, 3 weeks and 2 days)
Location
Caused by
Goals
Methods
Resulted inDecisive Baltic victory as part of the end of the Cold War
Restoration of the independence of the Baltic States
  • Declarations of state sovereignty of Estonia (18 November 1988), Lithuania (18 May 1989), and Latvia (28 July 1989)
  • Declarations of independence of Lithuania (11 March 1990), Estonia (20 August 1991), and Latvia (21 August 1991)
  • Soviet Union recognizes the independence of the Baltic States (6 September 1991)
  • Restoration of democratic rule
  • Withdrawal of Soviet and then Russian troops from Lithuania by 1993, and Latvia and Estonia by 1994
Parties
Lead figures

The Singing Revolution[a] was a series of events from 1987 to 1991 that led to the restoration of independence of the three Soviet-occupied Baltic countries of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania at the end of the Cold War.[1][2] The term was coined by an Estonian activist and artist, Heinz Valk, in an article published a week after the 10–11 June 1988 spontaneous mass evening singing demonstrations at the Tallinn Song Festival Grounds.[3]


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  1. ^ Thomson, Clare (1992). The Singing Revolution: A Political Journey through the Baltic States. London: Joseph. ISBN 0-7181-3459-1.
  2. ^ Ginkel, John (September 2002). "Identity Construction in Latvia's "Singing Revolution": Why inter-ethnic conflict failed to occur". Nationalities Papers. 30 (3): 403–433. doi:10.1080/0090599022000011697. S2CID 154588618.
  3. ^ Vogt, Henri (2005). Between Utopia and Disillusionment: A Narrative of the Political Transformation in Eastern Europe. Berghahn Books. ISBN 978-1571818959. Retrieved 1 January 2022 – via Google Books.