The small heath (Coenonympha pamphilus) is a butterfly species belonging to the familyNymphalidae, classified within the subfamilySatyrinae (commonly known as "the browns"). It is the smallest butterfly in this subfamily. The small heath is diurnal and flies with a noticeable fluttering flight pattern near the ground. It rests with closed wings when not in flight.[3][4][5] It is widespread in colonies throughout the grasslands of Eurasia and north-western Africa, preferring drier habitats than other Coenonympha, such as salt marshes, alpine meadows, wetlands, and grasslands near water (i.e. streams).[6][7][8] However, habitat loss caused by human activities has led to a decline in populations in some locations.[4]
The larval host plants are grasses, found in various habitats, while adult butterflies feed on nectar from flowers.[9][10] The males of this species are territorial, which plays a large role in obtaining a female mate. To establish dominance, they partake in lekking, a mating display in which males aggregate in a competitive display to attract passing females.[11]
^van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J. (2010). "Coenonympha pamphilus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2010: e.T174461A7076327. Retrieved 13 December 2020.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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^Wickman, Per-Clof. "The Influence of Temperature on the Territorial and Mate Locating Behaviour of the Small Heath Butterfly, Coenonympha Pamphilus (L.) (Lepidoptera: Satyridae)." Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, vol. 16, no. 3, 1985, pp. 233–238., doi:10.1007/bf00310985.