Smart city

For the 2006 film, see Smart City (film). For a list of smart cities, see List of smart cities.

Possible scenario of smart and sustainable mobility
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A smart city is an urban area that uses digital technology to collect data and to operate/provide services.[1][2] Data can be collected from citizens, devices, buildings, cameras. Applications include traffic and transportation systems,[3] power plants, utilities, urban forestry,[4] water supply networks, waste disposal, criminal investigations, information systems, schools, libraries, hospitals, and other community services.[5][6] The foundation of a smart city is built on the integration of people, technology, and processes, which connect and interact across sectors such as healthcare, transportation, education, and infrastructure, etc.[7] Smart cities are characterized by the ways in which their local governments monitor, analyze, plan, and govern the city. In a smart city, the sharing of data extends to businesses, citizens and other third parties who can derive benefit from using that data.[8][9] The three largest sources of spending associated with smart cities as of 2022 were visual surveillance, public transit, and outdoor lighting.[10]

Smart cities integrate information and communication technology (ICT), and devices connected to the Internet of things (IOT) network to optimize city services and connect to citizens.[11][12] ICT can be used to enhance quality, performance, and interactivity of urban services, to reduce costs and resource consumption and to increase contact between citizens and government.[13] Smart city applications manage urban flows and allow for real-time responses.[14] A smart city may be more prepared to respond to challenges than one with a conventional "transactional" relationship with its citizens.[15][16] Yet, the term is open to many interpretations.[17] Many cities have already adopted some sort of smart city technology.

Smart city initiatives have been criticized as driven by corporations,[18][19] poorly adapted to residents' needs,[20][21] as largely unsuccessful,[citation needed] and as a move toward totalitarian surveillance.[22]

  1. ^ James, Peggy; Astoria, Ross; Castor, Theresa; Hudspeth, Christopher; Olstinske, Denise; Ward, John (2020). "Smart Cities: Fundamental Concepts". Handbook of Smart Cities. Springer International Publishing. pp. 1–26. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-15145-4_2-1. ISBN 978-3-030-15145-4.
  2. ^ Goldsmith, Stephen (16 September 2021). "As the Chorus of Dumb City Advocates Increases, How Do We Define the Truly Smart City?". datasmart.ash.harvard.edu. Retrieved 27 August 2022.
  3. ^ Fourtané, Susan (16 November 2018). "Connected Vehicles in Smart Cities: The Future of Transportation". Interesting Engineering.com. Retrieved 27 August 2022.
  4. ^ César de Lima Araújo, Henrique; Silva Martins, Fellipe; Tucunduva Philippi Cortese, Tatiana; Locosselli, Giuliano Maselli (2021). "Artificial intelligence in urban forestry—A systematic review". Urban Forestry and Urban Greening. 66: 127410. Bibcode:2021UFUG...6627410C. doi:10.1016/j.ufug.2021.127410. S2CID 244416741.
  5. ^ McLaren, Duncan; Agyeman, Julian (2015). Sharing Cities: A Case for Truly Smart and Sustainable Cities. MIT Press. ISBN 9780262029728.
  6. ^ Musa, Sam (March 2018). "Smart Cities-A Road Map for Development". IEEE Potentials. 37 (2): 19–23. doi:10.1109/MPOT.2016.2566099. ISSN 1558-1772. S2CID 3767125. Retrieved 27 August 2022.
  7. ^ Khan, M. Sajid; Woo, Mina; Nam, Kichan; Chathoth, Prakash K. (December 2017). "Smart City and Smart Tourism: A Case of Dubai". Sustainability. 9 (12): 2279. doi:10.3390/su9122279. ISSN 2071-1050.
  8. ^ Paiho, Satu; Tuominen, Pekka; Rökman, Jyri; Ylikerälä, Markus; Pajula, Juha; Siikavirta, Hanne (2022). "Opportunities of collected city data for smart cities". IET Smart Cities. 4 (4): 275–291. doi:10.1049/smc2.12044. S2CID 253467923.
  9. ^ Kiran, Dr Deepti; Sharma, Itisha; Garg, Illa (2020). "Industry 5.0 And Smart Cities: A Futuristic Approach". European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine. 7 (8): 2750–2756. ISSN 2515-8260.
  10. ^ "IDC Forecasts Smart Cities Spending to Reach $158 Billion in 2022, with Singapore, Tokyo, and New York City Among Top Spenders". www.businesswire.com. 23 July 2018. Retrieved 22 March 2024.
  11. ^ "The 3 Generations of Smart Cities". 10 August 2015. Archived from the original on 9 October 2017. Retrieved 17 October 2017.
  12. ^ Peris-Ortiz, Marta; Bennett, Dag R.; Yábar, Diana Pérez-Bustamante (2016). Sustainable Smart Cities: Creating Spaces for Technological, Social and Business Development. Springer. ISBN 9783319408958. Archived from the original on 30 October 2020. Retrieved 4 October 2020.
  13. ^ "Building a Smart City, Equitable City – NYC Forward". Archived from the original on 4 December 2017. Retrieved 4 December 2015.
  14. ^ Komninos, Nicos (22 August 2013). "What makes cities intelligent?". In Deakin, Mark (ed.). Smart Cities: Governing, Modelling and Analysing the Transition. Taylor and Francis. p. 77. ISBN 978-1135124144.
  15. ^ Department for Business, Innovation and Skills (2013), p. 7 "As consumers of private goods and services we have been empowered by the Web and, as citizens, we expect the same quality from our public services. In turn, public authorities are seeking to reduce costs and raise performance by adopting similar approaches in the delivery of public services. However, the concept of a Smart City goes way beyond the transactional relationships between citizen and service provider. It is essentially enabling and encouraging the citizen to become a more active and participative member of the community"
  16. ^ Chan, Karin (3 April 2017). "What Is A 'Smart City'?". Expatriate Lifestyle. Archived from the original on 24 January 2018. Retrieved 23 January 2018.
  17. ^ Hunt, Dexter; Rogers, Christopher; Cavada, Marianna (2014). Smart Cities: Contradicting Definitions and Unclear Measures. 4th World Sustainability Forum. MDPI. pp. f004. doi:10.3390/wsf-4-f004. Retrieved 16 March 2016.
  18. ^ Hollands, R. G (2008). "Will the real smart city please stand up?". City. 12 (3): 303–320. Bibcode:2008City...12..303H. doi:10.1080/13604810802479126. S2CID 143073956.
  19. ^ Jennifer Clark. "Solving for the city". MIT Technology Review. Vol. 124, no. 3, May/June 2021. pp. 9–11.
  20. ^ Watson, Vanessa (6 December 2013). "African urban fantasies: dreams or nightmares?". Environment and Urbanization. 26 (1): 215–231. doi:10.1177/0956247813513705. ISSN 0956-2478. S2CID 154398313.
  21. ^ Woyke, Elizabeth. "Smart cities could be lousy to live in if you have a disability". MIT Technology Review. Archived from the original on 5 March 2019. Retrieved 15 March 2019.
  22. ^ "Clever cities: The multiplexed metropolis". The Economist. 7 September 2013. Retrieved 21 May 2015.