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Social status is the relative level of social value a person is considered to possess.[1][2] Such social value includes respect, honor, assumed competence, and deference.[3] On one hand, social scientists view status as a "reward" for group members who treat others well and take initiative.[4] This is one explanation for its apparent cross-cultural universality.[2] On the other hand, while people with higher status experience a litany of benefits—such as greater health, admiration, resources, influence, and freedom—those with lower status experience poorer outcomes across all of those metrics.[2]
Importantly, status is based in widely shared beliefs about who members of a society judge as more competent or moral. While such beliefs can stem from an impressive performance or success, they can also arise from possessing characteristics a society has deemed meaningful like a person's race or occupation. In this way, status reflects how a society judges a person's relative social worth and merit—however accurate or inaccurate that judgement may be.[5] Because societies use status to allocate resources, leadership positions, and other forms of power, status can make unequal distributions of resources and power appear natural and fair, supporting systems of social stratification.[5]
- ^ Sauder, Michael; Lynn, Freda; Podolny, Joel (2012). "Status: Insights from Organizational Sociology". Annual Review of Sociology. 38: 267–283. doi:10.1146/annurev-soc-071811-145503. S2CID 73700406.
- ^ a b c Anderson, Cameron; Hildreth, John; Howland, Laura (2015). "Is the Desire for Status a Fundamental Human Motive? A Review of the Empirical Literature". Psychological Bulletin. 141 (3): 574–601. doi:10.1037/a0038781. PMID 25774679. S2CID 17129083.
- ^ Sedikides, C.; Guinote, A. (2018). "How Status Shapes Social Cognition: Introduction to the Special Issue, 'The Status of Status: Vistas from Social Cognition'" (PDF). Social Cognition. 36 (1): 1–3. doi:10.1521/soco.2018.36.1.1.
- ^ Ridgeway, Cecilia (2019). Status: Why Is It Everywhere? Why Does It Matter?: Why Is It Everywhere? Why Does It Matter?. Russell Sage Foundation.
- ^ a b Ridgeway, Cecilia L.; Correll, Shelley (2006). "Consensus and the Creation of Status Beliefs". Social Forces. 85: 431–453. doi:10.1353/sof.2006.0139. S2CID 145216264.