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Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia (1945–1963) Federativna Narodna Republika Jugoslavija (Serbo-Croatian Latin)
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1963–1992) Socijalistička Federativna Republika Jugoslavija (Serbo-Croatian Latin)
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| 1945–1992 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Motto: "Brotherhood and unity" Bratstvo i jedinstvo (Serbo-Croatian Latin)
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| Anthem: "Hey, Slavs" Hej, Slaveni[b][c] (Serbo-Croatian Latin)
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 Map of Europe between 1955 and 1989, showing Yugoslavia highlighted in green | |||||||||||||||||||
| Capital and largest city | Belgrade 44°49′12″N 20°25′39″E / 44.82000°N 20.42750°E | ||||||||||||||||||
| Official languages | None at the federal level[a] | ||||||||||||||||||
| Recognised national languages | |||||||||||||||||||
| Official script | Cyrillic • Latin | ||||||||||||||||||
| Ethnic groups (1981) |
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| Religion | Secular state[2][3] State atheism (de facto) | ||||||||||||||||||
| Demonym(s) | Yugoslav Yugoslavian | ||||||||||||||||||
| Government | 1945–1948: Federal Marxist–Leninist one-party parliamentary socialist republic 1948–1971: Federal Titoist one-party parliamentary socialist republic 1971–1990: Federal Titoist one-party parliamentary socialist directorial republic 1990–1992: Federal parliamentary directoral republic | ||||||||||||||||||
| President of the League of Communists | |||||||||||||||||||
• 1945–1980 (first) | Josip Broz Tito | ||||||||||||||||||
• 1989–1990 (last) | Milan Pančevski | ||||||||||||||||||
| President | |||||||||||||||||||
• 1945–1953 (first) | Ivan Ribar | ||||||||||||||||||
• 1991 (last) | Stjepan Mesić | ||||||||||||||||||
| Prime Minister | |||||||||||||||||||
• 1945–1963 (first) | Josip Broz Tito | ||||||||||||||||||
• 1989–1991 (last) | Ante Marković | ||||||||||||||||||
| Legislature | Federal Assembly | ||||||||||||||||||
| Chamber of Republics | |||||||||||||||||||
| Federal Chamber | |||||||||||||||||||
| Historical era | Cold War | ||||||||||||||||||
• DF Yugoslavia formed | 29 November 1943 | ||||||||||||||||||
• FPR Yugoslavia proclaimed | 29 November 1945 | ||||||||||||||||||
• Constitution adopted | 31 January 1946 | ||||||||||||||||||
| c. 1948 | |||||||||||||||||||
| 1 September 1961 | |||||||||||||||||||
| 7 April 1963 | |||||||||||||||||||
| 21 February 1974 | |||||||||||||||||||
• Death of Josip Broz Tito | 4 May 1980 | ||||||||||||||||||
| 25 June 1991 | |||||||||||||||||||
• Start of the Yugoslav Wars | 27 June 1991 | ||||||||||||||||||
| 27 April 1992 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Area | |||||||||||||||||||
• Total | 255,804 km2 (98,766 sq mi) | ||||||||||||||||||
| Population | |||||||||||||||||||
• 1991 estimate | 23,229,846 | ||||||||||||||||||
| GDP (PPP) | 1989 estimate | ||||||||||||||||||
• Total | $103.04 billion | ||||||||||||||||||
• Per capita | $6,604 | ||||||||||||||||||
| HDI (1990 formula) |  0.913[4]very high | ||||||||||||||||||
| Currency | Yugoslav dinar (YUN)[d] | ||||||||||||||||||
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) | ||||||||||||||||||
• Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) | ||||||||||||||||||
| Drives on | right | ||||||||||||||||||
| Calling code | +38 | ||||||||||||||||||
| ISO 3166 code | YU | ||||||||||||||||||
| Internet TLD | .yu | ||||||||||||||||||
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The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (commonly abbreviated as SFRY or SFR Yugoslavia), commonly referred to as Socialist Yugoslavia or simply Yugoslavia, was a country in Central and Southeast Europe. It was established in 1945 as the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia, following World War II, and lasted until 1992, breaking up as a consequence of the Yugoslav Wars. Spanning an area of 255,804 square kilometres (98,766 sq mi) in the Balkans, Yugoslavia was bordered by the Adriatic Sea and Italy to the west, Austria and Hungary to the north, Bulgaria and Romania to the east, and Albania and Greece to the south. It was a one-party socialist state and federation governed by the League of Communists of Yugoslavia, and had six constituent republics: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia, and Slovenia. Within Serbia was the Yugoslav capital city of Belgrade as well as two autonomous Yugoslav provinces: Kosovo and Vojvodina.
The country emerged as Democratic Federal Yugoslavia on 29 November 1943, during the second session of the Anti-Fascist Council for the National Liberation of Yugoslavia midst World War II in Yugoslavia. Recognised by the Allies of World War II at the Tehran Conference as the legal successor state to Kingdom of Yugoslavia, it was a provisionally governed state formed to unite the Yugoslav resistance movement to the occupation of Yugoslavia by the Axis powers. Following the country's liberation, King Peter II was deposed, the monarchical rule was ended, and on 29 November 1945, the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia was proclaimed. Led by Josip Broz Tito, the new communist government sided with the Eastern Bloc at the beginning of the Cold War but pursued a policy of neutrality following the 1948 Tito–Stalin split; it became a founding member of the Non-Aligned Movement, and transitioned from a command economy to market-based socialism. The country was renamed Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in 1963.
After Tito died on 4 May 1980, the Yugoslav economy began to collapse, which increased unemployment and inflation.[9][10] The economic crisis led to rising ethnic nationalism and political dissidence in the late 1980s and early 1990s. With the fall of communism in Eastern Europe, efforts to transition into a confederation failed; the two wealthiest republics, Croatia and Slovenia, seceded and gained some international recognition in 1991. The federation dissolved along the borders of federated republics, hastened by the start of the Yugoslav Wars, and formally broke up on 27 April 1992. Two republics, Serbia and Montenegro, remained within a reconstituted state known as the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, or FR Yugoslavia, but this state was not recognized internationally as the sole successor state to SFR Yugoslavia. "Former Yugoslavia" is now commonly used retrospectively.
- ^ "Demographic characteristics of Yugoslavia in the late 1980s" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 9 January 2019.
- ^ Avramović 2007, p. 599, Understanding Secularism in a Post-Communist State: Case of Serbia
- ^ Kideckel & Halpern 2000, p. 165, Neighbors at War: Anthropological Perspectives on Yugoslav Ethnicity, Culture, and History
- ^ "Human Development Report 1990" (PDF). HDRO (Human Development Report Office) United Nations Development Programme. January 1990. p. 111. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 February 2019. Retrieved 8 November 2018.
- ^ a b John Hladczuk (1 January 1992). International Handbook of Reading Education. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 454–. ISBN 978-0-313-26253-1. Archived from the original on 9 May 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2015.
- ^ a b Gavro Altman (1978). Yugoslavia: A Multinational Community. Jugoslovenska stvarnost. Archived from the original on 24 June 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2015.
- ^ Jan Bruno Tulasiewicz (1971). Economic Growth and Development: A Case Study. Morris Print. Company. Archived from the original on 18 May 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2015.
- ^ Rock, Jonna (2019). Intergenerational Memory and Language of the Sarajevo Sephardim. Springer International Publishing. p. 86. ISBN 9783030140465. OCLC 1098239772.
- ^ Inflation Rate % 1992. CIA Factbook. 1992. Archived from the original on 1 May 2018. Retrieved 30 April 2018.
- ^ Labor Force 1992. CIA Factbook. 1992. Archived from the original on 1 May 2018. Retrieved 30 April 2018.