Socialist Revolutionary Party

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Party of Socialist-Revolutionaries Партія соціалистовъ-революціонеровъ
Abbreviation	SR Esers Right Esers (since December 1917)[a]
Founders	Andrei Argunov Mikhail Gots Grigory Gershuni Viktor Chernov
Founded	January 1902 (1902-01)[1]
Dissolved	1921 (1921) (functionally) 1940 (officially)
Merger of	Northern Union of Socialist-Revolutionaries Southern Party of Socialist-Revolutionaries
Headquarters	Moscow
Newspaper	Revolutsionnaya Rossiya
Paramilitary wing	SR Combat Organization
Membership (1917)	1,000,000
Ideology	Agrarian socialism[2] Democratic socialism[3] Narodism[4] Federalism[5]
Political position	Left-wing
International affiliation	Second International (1889–1916) Labour and Socialist International (1923–1940)
Colors	Red
Slogan	Въ борьбѣ обрѣтешь ты право свое! ("Through struggle you will attain your rights!")
Anthem	«Рабо́чая Марселье́за» ("Worker's Marseillaise")
Constituent Assembly	324 / 767 (1917–1918)
1907 Duma	37 / 518
First All-Russian Congress of Soviets	285 / 1,090
Party flag
Politics of Russia Political parties Elections

The Party of Socialist-Revolutionaries (the SRs, СР, or Esers, эсеры, esery; Russian: Па́ртия социали́стов-революционе́ров, romanized: Pártiya sotsialístov-revolyutsionérov,^[b] ПСР, PSR), also known as the Socialist Revolutionary Party, was a major political party in the late Russian Empire, during both phases of the Russian Revolution, and in early Soviet Russia.

The SRs were agrarian socialists and supporters of a democratic socialist Russian republic. The ideological heirs of the Narodniks, the SRs won a mass following among the Russian peasantry by endorsing the overthrow of the Tsar and the redistribution of land to the peasants. The SRs boycotted the elections to the First Duma following the Revolution of 1905 alongside the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party, but chose to run in the elections to the Second Duma and received the majority of the few seats allotted to the peasantry. Following the 1907 coup, the SRs boycotted all subsequent Dumas until the fall of the Tsar in the February Revolution of March 1917. Controversially, the party leadership endorsed the Russian Provisional Government and participated in multiple coalitions with liberal and social-democratic parties, while a radical faction within the SRs rejected the Provisional Government's authority in favor of the Congress of Soviets and began to drift towards the Bolsheviks. These divisions would ultimately result in the party splitting over the course of the summer of 1917 into the Right and Left SRs. Meanwhile, Alexander Kerensky, one of the leaders of the February Revolution and the second and last head of the Provisional Government (July–November 1917) was a nominal member of the SR party but in practice acted independently of its decisions.

By November 1917, the Provisional Government had been widely discredited by its failure to withdraw from World War I, implement land reform or convene a Constituent Assembly to draft a Constitution, leaving the soviet councils in de facto control of the country. The Bolsheviks thus moved to hand power to the 2nd Congress of Soviets in the October Revolution. After a few weeks of deliberation, the Left SRs ultimately formed a coalition government with the Bolsheviks – the Council of People's Commissioners – from November 1917 to March 1918 while the Right SRs boycotted the Soviets and denounced the Revolution as an illegal coup. The SRs obtained a majority in the subsequent elections to the Russian Constituent Assembly, with most of the party's seats going to the Right faction. Citing outdated voter-rolls which did not acknowledge the party split, and the Assembly's conflicts with the Congress of Soviets, the Bolshevik-Left SR government moved to dissolve the Constituent Assembly by force in January 1918.^[6]

The Left SRs left their coalition with the Bolsheviks in March 1918 in protest against the signing of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. An uprising against the Bolsheviks by the leadership of the Left SRs in July 1918 resulted in the immediate arrest of most of the party's members. Most of the Left SRs who opposed the uprising were gradually freed and allowed to keep their government positions, but were unable to organize a new central organ and gradually splintered into multiple pro-Bolshevik parties, which would all ultimately merge with the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) by 1921. The Right SRs supported the Whites during the Russian Civil War of 1917–1922, but the White movement's anti-socialist leadership increasingly marginalized and ultimately purged them. A small Right SR remnant, still calling itself the Socialist Revolutionary Party, continued to operate in exile from 1923 to 1940 as a member of the Labour and Socialist International.

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