Socialization

This article is about the sociological concept. For other uses, see Socialization (disambiguation).

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In sociology, socialization (Modern English; or socialisation - see spelling differences) is the process of internalizing the norms and ideologies of society. Socialization encompasses both learning and teaching and is thus "the means by which social and cultural continuity are attained".[1]: 5 [2]

Socialization is strongly connected to developmental psychology.[3] Humans need social experiences to learn their culture and to survive.[4]

Socialization essentially represents the whole process of learning throughout the life course and is a central influence on the behavior, beliefs, and actions of adults as well as of children.[5][6]

Socialization may lead to desirable outcomes—sometimes labeled "moral"—as regards the society where it occurs. Individual views are influenced by the society's consensus and usually tend toward what that society finds acceptable or "normal". Socialization provides only a partial explanation for human beliefs and behaviors, maintaining that agents are not blank slates predetermined by their environment;[7] scientific research provides evidence that people are shaped by both social influences and genes.[8][9][10][11]

Genetic studies have shown that a person's environment interacts with their genotype to influence behavioral outcomes.[12]

It is the process by which individuals learn their own societies culture.

  1. ^ Clausen, John A. (ed.) (1968) Socialisation and Society, Boston: Little Brown and Company
  2. ^ Macionis, John J. (2013). Sociology (15th ed.). Boston: Pearson. p. 126. ISBN 978-0133753271.
  3. ^ Billingham, M. (2007) Sociological Perspectives p.336 In Stretch, B. and Whitehouse, M. (eds.) (2007) Health and Social Care Book 1. Oxford: Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-435-49915-0
  4. ^ Macionis, John J.; Gerber, Linda Marie (2010). Sociology (7th Canadian ed.). Toronto: Pearson Canada. ISBN 978-0-13-800270-1. OCLC 434559397.
  5. ^ "socialization". Encyclopædia Britannica (Student and home ed.). Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010.
  6. ^ Cromdal, Jakob (2006). "Socialization". In K. Brown (ed.). Encyclopedia of language and linguistics. North-Holland: Elsevier. pp. 462–66. doi:10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/00353-9. ISBN 978-0080448541.
  7. ^ Pinker, Steven. The Blank Slate. New York: Penguin Books, 2002.
  8. ^ Dusheck, Jennie, "The Interpretation of Genes". Natural History, October 2002.
  9. ^ Carlson, N.R.; et al. (2005) Psychology: the science of behavior. Pearson (3rd Canadian edition). ISBN 0-205-45769-X.
  10. ^ Ridley, M. (2003) Nature Via Nurture: Genes, Experience, and What Makes us Human. HarperCollins. ISBN 0-00-200663-4.
  11. ^ Westen, D. (2002) Psychology: Brain, Behavior & Culture. Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-471-38754-1.
  12. ^ Kendler, Kenneth S.; Baker, J. H. (2007). "Genetic influences on measures of the environment: a systematic review". Psychological Medicine. 37 (5): 615–26. doi:10.1017/S0033291706009524. PMID 17176502. S2CID 43598144.