Soil compaction (agriculture)

During the sugar beet harvest in late autumn in very moist soil condition, the lanes of agricultural equipment causes soil compaction of the clay soil.

Soil compaction, also known as soil structure degradation, is the increase of bulk density or decrease in porosity of soil due to externally or internally applied loads.[1] Compaction can adversely affect nearly all physical, chemical and biological properties and functions of soil.[2] Together with soil erosion, it is regarded as the "costliest and most serious environmental problem caused by conventional agriculture."[3]

In agriculture, soil compaction is a complex problem in which soil, crops, weather and machinery interact. External pressure due to the use of heavy machinery and inappropriate soil management can lead to the compaction of subsoil, creating impermeable layers within the soil that restrict water and nutrient cycles. This process can cause on-site effects such as reduced crop growth, yield and quality as well as off-site effects such as increased surface water run-off, soil erosion, greenhouse gas emissions, eutrophication, reduced groundwater recharge and a loss of biodiversity.[4]

Unlike salinization or erosion, soil compaction is principally a sub-surface problem and therefore an invisible phenomenon.[5] Special identification methods are necessary to locate, monitor and manage the problem appropriately.

  1. ^ Alakukku, Laura (2012). Soil Compaction. In: Jakobsson, Christine: Ecosystem Health and Sustainable Agriculture 1: Sustainable Agriculture. Uppsala University. URL: www.balticuniv.uu.se/index.php/component/docman/doc_download/1256-chapter-28-soil-compaction- (accessed November 14th 2014).
  2. ^ Whalley, W.R., Dumitru, E. & Dexter, A.R. (1995). "Biological effects of soil compaction". Soil and Tillage Research, 35, 53–68.
  3. ^ FAO (2003). Soil Compaction - an unnecessary form of land degradation. p. 2. URL: http://www.fao.org/ag/ca/doc/Soil_compaction.pdf (accessed November 15th 2014)
  4. ^ Batey, T. (2009). "Soil compaction and soil management – a review". Soil Use and Management. 12 (25): 335–345 [339–340]. doi:10.1111/j.1475-2743.2009.00236.x. S2CID 96618510.
  5. ^ FAO (unknown). Conservation of natural resources for sustainable agriculture: what you should know about it. See page 2. URL: http://www.fao.org/ag/ca/training_materials/cd27-english/sc/soil_compaction.pdf (accessed November 14th 2014).