Sparse matrix

Example of sparse matrix $\left({\begin{smallmatrix}11&22&0&0&0&0&0\\0&33&44&0&0&0&0\\0&0&55&66&77&0&0\\0&0&0&0&0&88&0\\0&0&0&0&0&0&99\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right)$
The above sparse matrix contains only 9 non-zero elements, with 26 zero elements. Its sparsity is 74%, and its density is 26%.

In numerical analysis and scientific computing, a sparse matrix or sparse array is a matrix in which most of the elements are zero.^[1] There is no strict definition regarding the proportion of zero-value elements for a matrix to qualify as sparse but a common criterion is that the number of non-zero elements is roughly equal to the number of rows or columns. By contrast, if most of the elements are non-zero, the matrix is considered dense.^[1] The number of zero-valued elements divided by the total number of elements (e.g., m × n for an m × n matrix) is sometimes referred to as the sparsity of the matrix.

Conceptually, sparsity corresponds to systems with few pairwise interactions. For example, consider a line of balls connected by springs from one to the next: this is a sparse system as only adjacent balls are coupled. By contrast, if the same line of balls were to have springs connecting each ball to all other balls, the system would correspond to a dense matrix. The concept of sparsity is useful in combinatorics and application areas such as network theory and numerical analysis, which typically have a low density of significant data or connections. Large sparse matrices often appear in scientific or engineering applications when solving partial differential equations.

When storing and manipulating sparse matrices on a computer, it is beneficial and often necessary to use specialized algorithms and data structures that take advantage of the sparse structure of the matrix. Specialized computers have been made for sparse matrices,^[2] as they are common in the machine learning field.^[3] Operations using standard dense-matrix structures and algorithms are slow and inefficient when applied to large sparse matrices as processing and memory are wasted on the zeros. Sparse data is by nature more easily compressed and thus requires significantly less storage. Some very large sparse matrices are infeasible to manipulate using standard dense-matrix algorithms.

^ ^a ^b Yan, Di; Wu, Tao; Liu, Ying; Gao, Yang (2017). "An efficient sparse-dense matrix multiplication on a multicore system". 2017 IEEE 17th International Conference on Communication Technology (ICCT). IEEE. pp. 1880–3. doi:10.1109/icct.2017.8359956. ISBN 978-1-5090-3944-9. The computation kernel of DNN is large sparse-dense matrix multiplication. In the field of numerical analysis, a sparse matrix is a matrix populated primarily with zeros as elements of the table. By contrast, if the number of non-zero elements in a matrix is relatively large, then it is commonly considered a dense matrix. The fraction of zero elements (non-zero elements) in a matrix is called the sparsity (density). Operations using standard dense-matrix structures and algorithms are relatively slow and consume large amounts of memory when applied to large sparse matrices.
^ "Cerebras Systems Unveils the Industry's First Trillion Transistor Chip". www.businesswire.com. 2019-08-19. Retrieved 2019-12-02. The WSE contains 400,000 AI-optimized compute cores. Called SLAC™ for Sparse Linear Algebra Cores, the compute cores are flexible, programmable, and optimized for the sparse linear algebra that underpins all neural network computation
^ "Argonne National Laboratory Deploys Cerebras CS-1, the World's Fastest Artificial Intelligence Computer | Argonne National Laboratory". www.anl.gov (Press release). Retrieved 2019-12-02. The WSE is the largest chip ever made at 46,225 square millimeters in area, it is 56.7 times larger than the largest graphics processing unit. It contains 78 times more AI optimized compute cores, 3,000 times more high speed, on-chip memory, 10,000 times more memory bandwidth, and 33,000 times more communication bandwidth.

[Yan_Wu_Liu_Gao_2017_p.-1] Yan, Di; Wu, Tao; Liu, Ying; Gao, Yang (2017). "An efficient sparse-dense matrix multiplication on a multicore system". 2017 IEEE 17th International Conference on Communication Technology (ICCT). IEEE. pp. 1880–3. doi:10.1109/icct.2017.8359956. ISBN 978-1-5090-3944-9. The computation kernel of DNN is large sparse-dense matrix multiplication. In the field of numerical analysis, a sparse matrix is a matrix populated primarily with zeros as elements of the table. By contrast, if the number of non-zero elements in a matrix is relatively large, then it is commonly considered a dense matrix. The fraction of zero elements (non-zero elements) in a matrix is called the sparsity (density). Operations using standard dense-matrix structures and algorithms are relatively slow and consume large amounts of memory when applied to large sparse matrices.

[2] "Cerebras Systems Unveils the Industry's First Trillion Transistor Chip". www.businesswire.com. 2019-08-19. Retrieved 2019-12-02. The WSE contains 400,000 AI-optimized compute cores. Called SLAC™ for Sparse Linear Algebra Cores, the compute cores are flexible, programmable, and optimized for the sparse linear algebra that underpins all neural network computation

[3] "Argonne National Laboratory Deploys Cerebras CS-1, the World's Fastest Artificial Intelligence Computer | Argonne National Laboratory". www.anl.gov (Press release). Retrieved 2019-12-02. The WSE is the largest chip ever made at 46,225 square millimeters in area, it is 56.7 times larger than the largest graphics processing unit. It contains 78 times more AI optimized compute cores, 3,000 times more high speed, on-chip memory, 10,000 times more memory bandwidth, and 33,000 times more communication bandwidth.

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