Spotted hyena

Spotted hyena
Temporal range: ~2.1–0 Ma
Early Pleistocene-Present
At Etosha National Park, Namibia
Whooping recorded in Umfolozi Game Reserve, South Africa
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Carnivora
Suborder: Feliformia
Family: Hyaenidae
Genus: Crocuta
Species:
C. crocuta
Binomial name
Crocuta crocuta
(Erxleben, 1777)
      range
Synonyms
Species synonymy[2]
  • capensis
    Heller, 1914
  • cuvieri
    Bory de St. Vincent, 1825
  • fisi
    Bory de St. Vincent, 1825
  • fortis
    J. A. Allen, 1924
  • gariepensis
    Matschie, 1900
  • germinans
    Matschie, 1900
  • habessynica
    de Blainville, 1844
  • kibonotensis
    Lönnberg, 1908
  • leontiewi
    Satunin, 1905
  • maculata
    Thunberg, 1811
  • noltei
    Matschie, 1900
  • nzoyae
    Cabrera, 1911
  • panganensis
    Lönnberg, 1908
  • rufa
    Desmarest, 1817
  • rufopicta
    Cabrera, 1911
  • sivalensis
    Falconer and Cautley in Falconer, 1868
  • thierryi
    Matschie, 1900
  • thomasi
    Cabrera, 1911
  • togoensis
    Matschie, 1900
  • wissmanni
    Matschie, 1900

The spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta), also known as the laughing hyena,[3] is a hyena species, currently classed as the sole extant member of the genus Crocuta, native to sub-Saharan Africa. It is listed as being of least concern by the IUCN due to its widespread range and large numbers estimated between 27,000 and 47,000 individuals.[1] The species is, however, experiencing declines outside of protected areas due to habitat loss and poaching.[1] Populations of Crocuta, usually considered a subspecies of Crocuta crocuta, known as cave hyenas, roamed across Eurasia for at least one million years until the end of the Late Pleistocene.[4] The spotted hyena is the largest extant member of the Hyaenidae, and is further physically distinguished from other species by its vaguely bear-like build,[5] rounded ears,[6] less prominent mane, spotted pelt,[7] more dual-purposed dentition,[8] fewer nipples,[9] and pseudo-penis. It is the only placental mammalian species where females have a pseudo-penis and lack an external vaginal opening.[10]

The spotted hyena is the most social of the Carnivora in that it has the largest group sizes and most complex social behaviours.[11] Its social organisation is unlike that of any other carnivore, bearing closer resemblance to that of cercopithecine primates (baboons and macaques) with respect to group size, hierarchical structure, and frequency of social interaction among both kin and unrelated group-mates.[12] However, the social system of the spotted hyena is openly competitive rather than cooperative, with access to kills, mating opportunities and the time of dispersal for males depending on the ability to dominate other clan-members. Females provide only for their own cubs rather than assist each other, and males display no paternal care. Spotted hyena society is matriarchal; females are larger than males, and dominate them.[13]

The spotted hyena is a highly successful animal, being the most common large carnivore in Africa. Its success is due in part to its adaptability and opportunism; it is primarily a hunter but may also scavenge, with the capacity to eat and digest skin, bone and other animal waste. In functional terms, the spotted hyena makes the most efficient use of animal matter of all African carnivores.[14] The spotted hyena displays greater plasticity in its hunting and foraging behaviour than other African carnivores;[15] it hunts alone, in small parties of 2–5 individuals or in large groups. During a hunt, spotted hyenas often run through ungulate herds to select an individual to attack. Once selected, their prey is chased over a long distance, often several kilometres, at speeds of up to 60 kilometres per hour (37 mph).[16]

The spotted hyena has a long history of interaction with humanity; depictions of the species exist from the Upper Paleolithic period, with carvings and paintings from the Lascaux and Chauvet Caves.[17] The species has a largely negative reputation in both Western culture and African folklore. In the former, the species is mostly regarded as ugly and cowardly, while in the latter, it is viewed as greedy, gluttonous, stupid, and foolish, yet powerful and potentially dangerous. The majority of Western perceptions on the species can be found in the writings of Aristotle and Pliny the Elder, though in relatively unjudgmental form. Explicit, negative judgments occur in the Physiologus, where the animal is depicted as a hermaphrodite and grave-robber.[18] The IUCN's hyena specialist group identifies the spotted hyena's negative reputation as detrimental to the species' continued survival, both in captivity and the wild.[18][19]

  1. ^ a b c Bohm, T.; Höner, O.R. (2015). "Crocuta crocuta". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T5674A45194782. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T5674A45194782.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. ^ Wozencraft, W. C. (2005). "Order Carnivora". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 572. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  3. ^ Cite error: The named reference f55 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  4. ^ Cite error: The named reference varela was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  5. ^ Estes 1998, p. 290
  6. ^ Cite error: The named reference r355 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  7. ^ Cite error: The named reference r353 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  8. ^ Macdonald 1992, pp. 134–135
  9. ^ Cite error: The named reference drea was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  10. ^ Cite error: The named reference differentiation was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  11. ^ Mills & Hofer 1998, p. 34
  12. ^ Cite error: The named reference Journal was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  13. ^ Estes 1992, pp. 337–338
  14. ^ Kingdon 1988, p. 262
  15. ^ Kingdon 1988, p. 264
  16. ^ Mills & Hofer 1998, p. 33
  17. ^ Spassov, N.; Stoytchev, T. (2004). "The presence of cave hyaena (Crocuta crocuta spelaea) in the Upper Palaeolithic rock art of Europe" (PDF). Historia Naturalis Bulgarica. 16: 159–166. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 April 2012.
  18. ^ a b Glickman, Stephen (1995). "The Spotted Hyena from Aristotle to the Lion King: Reputation is Everything – In the Company of Animals", Social Research, Volume 62
  19. ^ Mills & Hofer 1998, p. 92 & 101