Stenotrophomonas maltophilia

Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia clinical isolates on MacConkey agar
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Bacteria
Phylum: Pseudomonadota
Class: Gammaproteobacteria
Order: Xanthomonadales
Family: Xanthomonadaceae
Genus: Stenotrophomonas
Species:
S. maltophilia
Binomial name
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
Palleroni & Bradbury 1993
Synonyms

Pseudomonas maltophilia (ex Hugh and Ryschenkow 1961) Hugh 1981
Xanthomonas maltophilia (Hugh 1981) Swings et al. 1983
Pseudomonas hibiscicola Moniz 1963
Pseudomonas beteli corrig. (Ragunathan 1928) Savulescu 1947

Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is an aerobic, nonfermentative, Gram-negative bacterium. It is an uncommon bacterium and human infection is difficult to treat.[1] Initially classified as Bacterium bookeri,[2] then renamed Pseudomonas maltophilia, S. maltophilia was also grouped in the genus Xanthomonas before eventually becoming the type species of the genus Stenotrophomonas in 1993.[3][4]

S. maltophilia is slightly smaller (0.7–1.8 × 0.4–0.7 μm) than other members of the genus. They are motile due to polar flagella, and grow well on MacConkey agar producing pigmented colonies. S. maltophilia is catalase-positive, oxidase-negative (which distinguishes it from most other members of the genus) and has a positive reaction for extracellular DNase.[citation needed]

S. maltophilia is ubiquitous in aqueous environments, soil, and plants; it has also been used in biotechnology applications.[5] In immunocompromised patients, S. maltophilia can lead to nosocomial infections. It is also an emerging nosocomial pathogen associated with opportunistic infections in patients with cystic fibrosis, cancer, and HIV/AIDS. Adherence of this organism to abiotic surfaces such as medical implants and catheters represents a major risk for hospitalized patients.[6]

  1. ^ Gilligan PH, Lum G, VanDamme PAR, Whittier S (2003). Murray PR, Baron EJ, Jorgensen JH, et al. (eds.). Burkholderia, Stenotrophomonas, Ralstonia, Brevundimonas, Comamonas, Delftia, Pandoraea, and Acidivorax. In: Manual of Clinical Microbiology (8th ed.). ASM Press, Washington, DC. pp. 729–748. ISBN 978-1-55581-255-3.
  2. ^ Chang YT, Lin CY, Chen YH, Hsueh PR (2015-01-01). "Update on infections caused by Stenotrophomonas maltophilia with particular attention to resistance mechanisms and therapeutic options". Frontiers in Microbiology. 6: 893. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2015.00893. PMC 4557615. PMID 26388847.
  3. ^ Denton M, Kerr KG (January 1998). "Microbiological and clinical aspects of infection associated with Stenotrophomonas maltophilia". Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 11 (1): 57–80. doi:10.1128/CMR.11.1.57. PMC 121376. PMID 9457429.
  4. ^ Palleroni NJ, Bradbury JF (July 1993). "Stenotrophomonas, a new bacterial genus for Xanthomonas maltophilia (Hugh 1980) Swings et al. 1983". International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology. 43 (3): 606–9. doi:10.1099/00207713-43-3-606. PMID 8347518.
  5. ^ Berg G, Roskot N, Smalla K (November 1999). "Genotypic and phenotypic relationships between clinical and environmental isolates of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 37 (11): 3594–600. doi:10.1128/JCM.37.11.3594-3600.1999. PMC 85701. PMID 10523559.
  6. ^ de Oliveira-Garcia D, Dall'Agnol M, Rosales M, Azzuz AC, Martinez MB, Girón JA (September 2002). "Characterization of flagella produced by clinical strains of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 8 (9): 918–23. doi:10.3201/eid0809.010535. PMC 2732543. PMID 12194767.