Stokely Carmichael

Stokely Carmichael
In Mississippi, 1966
4th Chairman of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
In office May 1966 – June 1967
Preceded by	John Lewis
Succeeded by	H. Rap Brown
Personal details
Born	Stokely Standiford Churchill Carmichael (1941-06-29)June 29, 1941 Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago
Died	November 15, 1998(1998-11-15) (aged 57) Conakry, Guinea
Spouse(s)	Miriam Makeba ​ ​ (m. 1968; div. 1973)​ Marlyatou Barry (divorced)
Children	2
Education	Howard University (BA)

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Kwame Ture (/ˈkwɑːmeɪ ˈtʊəreɪ/; born Stokely Standiford Churchill Carmichael; June 29, 1941 – November 15, 1998) was an American activist who played a major role in the civil rights movement in the United States and the global pan-African movement. Born in Trinidad in the Caribbean, he grew up in the United States from the age of 11 and became an activist while attending the Bronx High School of Science. He was a key leader in the development of the Black Power movement, first while leading the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), then as the "Honorary Prime Minister" of the Black Panther Party, and last as a leader of the All-African People's Revolutionary Party (A-APRP).^[1]

Carmichael was one of the original SNCC freedom riders of 1961 under Diane Nash's leadership. He became a major voting rights activist in Mississippi and Alabama after being mentored by Ella Baker and Bob Moses. Like most young people in the SNCC, he became disillusioned with the two-party system after the 1964 Democratic National Convention failed to recognize the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party as official delegates from the state. Carmichael eventually decided to develop independent all-black political organizations, such as the Lowndes County Freedom Organization and, for a time, the national Black Panther Party. Inspired by Malcolm X's example, he articulated a philosophy of black power, and popularized it both by provocative speeches and more sober writings.

Carmichael became one of the most popular and controversial Black leaders of the late 1960s. FBI director J. Edgar Hoover secretly identified Carmichael as the man most likely to succeed Malcolm X as America's "black messiah".^[2] The FBI targeted him for counterintelligence activity through its COINTELPRO program,^[2] causing Carmichael to move to Africa in 1968. He reestablished himself in Ghana, and then Guinea by 1969.^[3] There, he adopted the name Kwame Ture, and began campaigning internationally for revolutionary socialist pan-Africanism. Ture died of prostate cancer in 1998 at the age of 57.