Strigolniki

Strigolniki being thrown into the Volkhov River from a bridge in 1375, miniature from Illustrated Chronicle of Ivan the Terrible.

The strigolniki (Russian: стригольники; sg. стригольник, strigolnik) were followers of a Russian religious sect which appeared in the mid-14th century, known as strigolnichestvo (Russian: стригольничество).[1] They first appeared in Pskov before spreading to Novgorod and Tver.[2] By the early 15th century, they had disappeared.[3] Along with the Judaizers, they were one of the major sects in medieval Russia.[1][4]

The origins of the name remain unclear. Some historians believe it has something to do with handicrafts that the first strigolniki were engaged in, such as cloth-cutting or hairdressing (it appears that the word strigolnik derives from the Russian root strig-, which connotes cutting or trimming). Others think the name comes from a special initiation ceremony (a specific haircut, or strizhka), performed by a deacon named Karp – a supposed founder of the sect (together with deacon Nikita), yet others think it could mean that these people refused to either grow a beard or cut their beards when they entered churches.

Active participants of the sect were tradespeople and low-ranking clergy. They renounced all ecclesiastic hierarchy and monasticism, sacraments done by Russian clergy due to recognizing the Orthodox priesthood as illegitimate: priesthood, communion, penance, and baptism, which had been accompanied by large fees ("extortions", in their view) to the benefit of the clergy. Criticizing and exposing the venality, vices, and ignorance of the priests, the strigolniki demanded the right to a religious sermon for laymen. Their sermons were full of social motifs: they reproached the rich for enslaving the free and the poor.[5] They were opposed by a number of high-level Russian bishops.[6]

  1. ^ a b Pattison, George; Emerson, Caryl; Poole, Randall A. (13 June 2020). The Oxford Handbook of Russian Religious Thought. Oxford University Press. p. 679. ISBN 978-0-19-879644-2.
  2. ^ B. A. Rybakov, Strigolniki: Russkie Gumanisty XIV Stoletiia (Moscow: Nauk, 1993); David M Goldfrank, "Burn, Baby, Burn: Popular Culture and Heresy in Late Medieval Russia," The Journal of Popular Culture 31, no. 4 (1998): 17–32.
  3. ^ Riasanovsky, Nicholas V. (29 September 2005). Russian Identities: A Historical Survey. Oxford University Press. p. 53. ISBN 978-0-19-534814-9.
  4. ^ Moss, Walter G. (1 July 2003). A History of Russia Volume 1: To 1917. Anthem Press. p. 115. ISBN 978-0-85728-752-6.
  5. ^ Cite error: The named reference :0 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  6. ^ Robinson, Michael D. (14 June 2019). Christianity: A Brief History. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 320. ISBN 978-1-5326-1831-4.