| Stygobromus | |
|---|---|
| |
| Stygobromus kenki | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Malacostraca |
| Order: | Amphipoda |
| Family: | Crangonyctidae |
| Genus: | Stygobromus Cope, 1872 [1] |
| Type species | |
| Stygobromus vitreus Cope, 1872 [2]
| |
Stygobromus is a genus of amphipod crustaceans that live in subterranean habitats. The majority of the listed species are endemic to North America (one from Canada, the rest from the United States),[3] a smaller number of species are also known from Eurasia.[4] Most of the North American species live in areas which were not covered by the Laurentide Ice Sheet, although a few species seem to have survived under the ice.[5] A number of species are on the IUCN Red List as endangered species (EN) or vulnerable species (VU); one species, S. lucifugus, is extinct.
Stygobromus includes the following species:[1]
- Stygobromus abditus Holsinger, 1978 (Virginia)
- Stygobromus ackerlyi Holsinger, 1978 (Georgia)
- Stygobromus alabamensis (Stout, 1911)
- Stygobromus albapinus Taylor & Holsinger, 2011 (Nevada)[6]
- Stygobromus allegheniensis (Holsinger, 1967) (New York to West Virginia)
- Stygobromus ambulans (F. Müller, 1846)
- Stygobromus anastasiae Sidorov, Holsinger & Takhteev, 2010 (Siberia, Russia)[4]
- Stygobromus apscheronia (Derzhavin, 1945) (Azerbaijan)
- Stygobromus araeus (Holsinger, 1969)
[7] (Virginia, North Carolina) - Stygobromus arizonensis Holsinger, 1974 [8] (Arizona)
- Stygobromus balconis (Hubricht, 1943) [9] (Texas)
- Stygobromus baroodyi Holsinger, 1978 (Virginia)
- Stygobromus barri (Holsinger, 1967) [10] (Missouri)
- Stygobromus barryi Holsinger, 1978 (Tennessee)
- Stygobromus behningi (Birstein, 1948)
- Stygobromus bifurcatus (Holsinger, 1967) [11] (Texas)
- Stygobromus biggersi Holsinger, 1978 (Virginia to Pennsylvania)
- Stygobromus blinni Wang & Holsinger, 2001
- Stygobromus borealis Holsinger, 1978 (Vermont, New York)
- Stygobromus boultoni Wang & Holsinger, 2001
- Stygobromus bowmani (Holsinger, 1967) [12] (Oklahoma)
- Stygobromus canadensis Holsinger, 1980 (Alberta, Canada)
- Stygobromus carolinensis Holsinger, 1978 (North Carolina)
- Stygobromus chamberlaini Ellis, 1941
- Stygobromus cherylae Wang & Holsinger, 2001
- Stygobromus clantoni (Creaser, 1934) [13] (Kansas, Missouri)
- Stygobromus coeca (Dobraenu & Manolache, 1951)
- Stygobromus coloradensis Ward, 1977
- Stygobromus conradi (Holsinger, 1967) [14] (Virginia)
- Stygobromus cooperi (Holsinger, 1967) [15] (West Virginia)
- Stygobromus cowani Wang & Holsinger, 2001
- Stygobromus culveri Holsinger, 1978 (West Virginia)
- Stygobromus cumberlandus Holsinger, 1978 (Virginia)
- Stygobromus curroae Wang & Holsinger, 2001
- Stygobromus dejectus (Holsinger, 1967) [16] (Texas)
- Stygobromus dentata (Hubricht, 1943)
- Stygobromus dershavini (Behning, 1928)
- Stygobromus dicksoni Holsinger, 1978 (Alabama, Georgia)
- Stygobromus donensis (Martynov, 1919)
- Stygobromus duplus Wang & Holsinger, 2001
- Stygobromus elatus (Holsinger, 1967) [17] (Arkansas)
- Stygobromus elliotti Holsinger, 1974
- Stygobromus emarginatus (Hubricht, 1943) [18] (Maryland, West Virginia)
- Stygobromus ephemerus (Holsinger, 1969) [19] (Virginia)
- Stygobromus estesi Holsinger, 1978 (Virginia)
- Stygobromus exilis Hubricht, 1943
- Stygobromus fecundus Holsinger, 1978 (Tennessee)
- Stygobromus fergusoni Holsinger, 1978 (Virginia)
- Stygobromus finleyi Holsinger, 1978 (Tennessee)
- Stygobromus flagellatus (J. E. Benedict, 1896) [20] (Texas)
- Stygobromus fontinalis Wang & Holsinger, 2001
- Stygobromus franzi Holsinger, 1978 (Maryland)
- Stygobromus gallawayae Wang & Holsinger, 2001
- Stygobromus glacialis Wang & Holsinger, 2001
- Stygobromus gracilipes (Holsinger, 1967) (Virginia to Pennsylvania)
- Stygobromus gradyi Holsinger, 1974 [21] (California)
- Stygobromus grahami Holsinger, 1974
- Stygobromus grandis Holsinger, 1978 (Georgia)
- Stygobromus hadenoecus (Holsinger, 1966) [22] (Texas)
- Stygobromus harai Holsinger, 1974 [23] (California)
- Stygobromus hayi (Hubricht & Mackin, 1940)
[24] (District of Columbia) - Stygobromus herbsti Wang & Holsinger, 2001
- Stygobromus heteropodus Hubricht, 1943 [25] (Missouri)
- Stygobromus hoffmani Holsinger, 1978 (Virginia)
- Stygobromus holsingeri Ward, 1977
- Stygobromus hubbardi Holsinger, 2009
- Stygobromus hubbsi Shoemaker, 1942 [26] (Oregon)
- Stygobromus hyporheicus Wang & Holsinger, 2001
- Stygobromus hyrcana (Dershavin, 1939)
- Stygobromus idahoensis Wang & Holsinger, 2001
- Stygobromus imperialis Wang & Holsinger, 2001
- Stygobromus indentatus (Holsinger, 1967) [27] (Maryland, North Carolina and Virginia)
- Stygobromus inexpectatus Holsinger, 1978 (Alabama)
- Stygobromus interitus Holsinger, 1978 (Virginia)
- Stygobromus intermedia (Dobreanu, Manolache & Piascariu, 1952)
- Stygobromus interstitialis Wang & Holsinger, 2001
- Stygobromus iowae Hubricht, 1943
- Stygobromus jakutana (Martynov, 1931)
- Stygobromus jemezensis Wang & Holsinger, 2001
- Stygobromus johanseni (Shoemaker, 1920)
- Stygobromus kazakhstanica Kulkina, 1992
- Stygobromus kenki Holsinger, 1978 (District of Columbia, Virginia)
- Stygobromus lacicolus Holsinger, 1974
- Stygobromus lanensis Wang & Holsinger, 2001
- Stygobromus latus Wang & Holsinger, 2001
- Stygobromus leensis Holsinger, 1978 (Virginia)
- Stygobromus lepida (Mateus & Mateus, 1991)
- Stygobromus levanidovae (G. Karaman, 1991)
- Stygobromus limbus Wang & Holsinger, 2001
- Stygobromus longidactylus (S. Karaman, 1929)
- Stygobromus longipes (Holsinger, 1966) [28] (Texas)
- †Stygobromus lucifugus (Hay, 1882)
[29] (Illinois) - Stygobromus mackenziei Holsinger, 1974 [30] (California)
- Stygobromus mackini Hubricht, 1943 (Tennessee to West Virginia)
- Stygobromus meschtscherica (Borutsky, 1929)
- Stygobromus mikhaili Sidorov, Holsinger & Takhteev, 2010 (Siberia, Russia)[4]
- Stygobromus minutus Holsinger, 1978 (Georgia)
- Stygobromus montanensis Holsinger, 1974 (Montana)
- Stygobromus montanus (Holsinger, 1967) [31] (Arkansas)
- Stygobromus morrisoni (Holsinger, 1967) [32] (Virginia, West Virginia)
- Stygobromus mundus (Holsinger, 1967) [33] (Virginia)
- Stygobromus myersae Wang & Holsinger, 2001
- Stygobromus mysticus Holsinger, 1974
- Stygobromus nanus Holsinger, 1978 (West Virginia)
- Stygobromus nortoni (Holsinger, 1969) [34] (Tennessee)
- Stygobromus obrutus Holsinger, 1978 (Virginia)
- Stygobromus obscurus Holsinger, 1974
- Stygobromus onondagaensis (Hubricht & Mackin, 1940) [35] (Arkansas, Kansas, Missouri and Oklahoma)
- Stygobromus oregonensis Holsinger, 1974 (Oregon)
- Stygobromus ozarkensis (Holsinger, 1967) [36] (Arkansas, Missouri and Oklahoma)
- Stygobromus parvus (Holsinger, 1969) [37] (West Virginia)
- Stygobromus pecki (Holsinger, 1967) [38] (Texas)
- Stygobromus pennaki Ward, 1977
- Stygobromus philareti (Birstein, 1948)
- Stygobromus phreaticus Holsinger, 1978 (Virginia)
- Stygobromus pizzinii (Shoemaker, 1938) [39] (District of Columbia, Maryland, Pennsylvania and Virginia)
- Stygobromus pollostus Holsinger, 1978 (Virginia)
- Stygobromus pseudospinosus Holsinger, 1978 (Virginia)
- Stygobromus putealis (Holmes, 1909) [40] (Wisconsin)
- Stygobromus puteanus Holsinger, 1974
- Stygobromus quatsinensis Holsinger & Shaw, 1987
- Stygobromus rallus Wang & Holsinger, 2001
- Stygobromus redactus Holsinger, 1978 (West Virginia)
- Stygobromus reddelli (Holsinger, 1966) [41] (Texas)
- Stygobromus rudolphi Wang & Holsinger, 2001
- Stygobromus russelli (Holsinger, 1967) (Texas)
- Stygobromus saltuaris Wang & Holsinger, 2001
- Stygobromus secundus Bousfield & Holsinger, 1981
- Stygobromus sheldoni Holsinger, 1974
- Stygobromus sierrensis Holsinger, 1974
- Stygobromus simplex Wang & Holsinger, 2001
- Stygobromus smithi Hubricht, 1943 [42] (Alabama)
- Stygobromus sparsus Holsinger, 1978 (Tennessee)
- Stygobromus spinatus (Holsinger, 1967) [43] (West Virginia)
- Stygobromus spinosus (Hubricht & Mackin, 1940) (Virginia)
- Stygobromus stegerorum Holsinger, 1978 (Virginia)
- Stygobromus stellmacki (Holsinger, 1967) [44] (Pennsylvania)
- Stygobromus subtilis (Hubricht, 1943) [45] (Illinois, Michigan and Missouri)
- Stygobromus tahoensis Holsinger, 1974
- Stygobromus tenuis (S. I. Smith, 1874) (Connecticut to Maryland)
- Stygobromus trinus Wang & Holsinger, 2001
- Stygobromus tritus Holsinger, 1974
- Stygobromus urospinatus Wang & Holsinger, 2001
- Stygobromus utahensis Wang & Holsinger, 2001 (Utah)
- Stygobromus vitreus Cope, 1872
- Stygobromus wahkeenensis Wang & Holsinger, 2001
- Stygobromus wardi Wang & Holsinger, 2001
- Stygobromus wengerorum Holsinger, 1974 [46] (California)
- ^ a b "Stygobromus". Integrated Taxonomic Information System.
- ^ John R. Holsinger (1978). "Systematics of the subterranean amphipod genus Stygobromus (Gammaridae). Part II: Species of the Eastern United States". Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology. 266 (266): 1–144. doi:10.5479/si.00810282.266.
- ^ David C. Culver; John R. Holsinger; Mary C. Christman & Tanja Pipan (2010). "Morphological differences among eyeless amphipods in the genus Stygobromus dwelling in different subterranean habitats" (PDF). Journal of Crustacean Biology. 30 (1): 68–74. doi:10.1651/09-3156.1.
- ^ a b c Sidorov, D.A.; Holsinger, J.R.; Takhteev, V.V. (2010). "Two new species of the subterranean amphipod genus Stygobromus (Amphipoda: Crangonyctidae) from Siberia, with new data on Stygobromus pusillus (Martynov) and remarks on morphology and biogeographic relationships". Zootaxa. 2478: 41–58. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.2478.1.2.
- ^ John R. Holsinger. "Stygobromus – Distribution Map". Old Dominion University. Retrieved June 24, 2010.
- ^ Steven Taylor & John Holsinger (2011). "A new species of the subterranean amphipod crustacean genus Stygobromus (Crangonyctidae) from a cave in Nevada, USA" (PDF). Subterranean Biology. 8: 39–48. doi:10.3897/subtbiol.8.1230.
- ^ Inland Water Crustacean Specialist Group (1996). "Stygobromus araeus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T20973A9240768. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T20973A9240768.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
- ^ Inland Water Crustacean Specialist Group (1996). "Stygobromus arizonensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T20974A9240867. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T20974A9240867.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
- ^ Inland Water Crustacean Specialist Group (1996). "Stygobromus balconis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T21013A9244273. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T21013A9244273.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
- ^ Inland Water Crustacean Specialist Group (1996). "Stygobromus barri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T20976A9240966. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T20976A9240966.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
- ^ Inland Water Crustacean Specialist Group (1996). "Stygobromus bifurcatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T20977A9241065. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T20977A9241065.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
- ^ Inland Water Crustacean Specialist Group (1996). "Stygobromus bowmani". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T20978A9241164. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T20978A9241164.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
- ^ Inland Water Crustacean Specialist Group (1996). "Stygobromus clantoni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T20979A9241263. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T20979A9241263.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
- ^ Inland Water Crustacean Specialist Group (1996). "Stygobromus conradi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T20980A9241510. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T20980A9241510.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
- ^ Inland Water Crustacean Specialist Group (1996). "Stygobromus cooperi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T20981A9241609. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T20981A9241609.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
- ^ Inland Water Crustacean Specialist Group (1996). "Stygobromus dejectus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T20982A9241708. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T20982A9241708.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
- ^ Inland Water Crustacean Specialist Group (1996). "Stygobromus elatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T20983A9235267. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T20983A9235267.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
- ^ Inland Water Crustacean Specialist Group (1996). "Stygobromus emarginatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T20984A9235396. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T20984A9235396.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
- ^ Inland Water Crustacean Specialist Group (1996). "Stygobromus ephemerus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T20985A9235656. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T20985A9235656.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
- ^ Inland Water Crustacean Specialist Group (1996). "Stygobromus flagellatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T20986A9235526. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T20986A9235526.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
- ^ Inland Water Crustacean Specialist Group (1996). "Stygobromus gradyi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T20987A9235786. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T20987A9235786.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
- ^ Inland Water Crustacean Specialist Group (1996). "Stygobromus hadenoecus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T20988A9235916. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T20988A9235916.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
- ^ Inland Water Crustacean Specialist Group (1996). "Stygobromus harai". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T20989A9241807. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T20989A9241807.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
- ^ Inland Water Crustacean Specialist Group (1996). "Stygobromus hayi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T20990A9241906. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T20990A9241906.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
- ^ Inland Water Crustacean Specialist Group (1996). "Stygobromus heteropodus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T20991A9242005. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T20991A9242005.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
- ^ Inland Water Crustacean Specialist Group (1996). "Stygobromus hubbsi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T20992A9242104. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T20992A9242104.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
- ^ Inland Water Crustacean Specialist Group (1996). "Stygobromus identatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T20993A9242203. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T20993A9242203.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
- ^ Inland Water Crustacean Specialist Group (1996). "Stygobromus longipes". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T20994A9242306. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T20994A9242306.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
- ^ World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1996). "Stygobromus lucifugus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T20995A9242405. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T20995A9242405.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
- ^ Inland Water Crustacean Specialist Group (1996). "Stygobromus mackenziei". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T20996A9242501. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T20996A9242501.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
- ^ Inland Water Crustacean Specialist Group (1996). "Stygobromus montanus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T20997A9242600. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T20997A9242600.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
- ^ Inland Water Crustacean Specialist Group (1996). "Stygobromus morrisoni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T20998A9242699. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T20998A9242699.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
- ^ Inland Water Crustacean Specialist Group (1996). "Stygobromus mundus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T21014A9244384. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T21014A9244384.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
- ^ Inland Water Crustacean Specialist Group (1996). "Stygobromus nortoni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T21000A9242894. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T21000A9242894.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
- ^ Inland Water Crustacean Specialist Group (1996). "Stygobromus onondagaensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T21001A9242993. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T21001A9242993.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
- ^ Inland Water Crustacean Specialist Group (1996). "Stygobromus ozarkensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T21002A9243092. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T21002A9243092.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
- ^ Inland Water Crustacean Specialist Group (1996). "Stygobromus parvus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T21003A9243191. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T21003A9243191.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
- ^ Inland Water Crustacean Specialist Group (1996). "Stygobromus pecki". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T21004A9243290. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T21004A9243290.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
- ^ Inland Water Crustacean Specialist Group (1996). "Stygobromus pizzinii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T21005A9243389. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T21005A9243389.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
- ^ Inland Water Crustacean Specialist Group (1996). "Stygobromus putealis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T21006A9243488. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T21006A9243488.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
- ^ Inland Water Crustacean Specialist Group (1996). "Stygobromus reddelli". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T21007A9243587. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T21007A9243587.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
- ^ Inland Water Crustacean Specialist Group (1996). "Stygobromus smithii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T21008A9243686. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T21008A9243686.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
- ^ Inland Water Crustacean Specialist Group (1996). "Stygobromus spinatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T21009A9243785. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T21009A9243785.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
- ^ Inland Water Crustacean Specialist Group (1996). "Stygobromus stellmacki". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T21010A9243976. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T21010A9243976.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
- ^ Inland Water Crustacean Specialist Group (1996). "Stygobromus subtilis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T21011A9244075. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T21011A9244075.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
- ^ Inland Water Crustacean Specialist Group (1996). "Stygobromus wengerorum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T21012A9244174. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T21012A9244174.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.