Suharto | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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 Official portrait, 1993 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2nd President of Indonesia | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| In office 12 March 1967 – 21 May 1998[a] Acting until 27 March 1968 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Vice President | See list
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| Preceded by | Sukarno | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Succeeded by | B. J. Habibie | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Chairman of the Cabinet Presidium | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| In office 25 July 1966 – 17 October 1967 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| President |
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| Preceded by | Sukarno (as Prime Minister) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Succeeded by | Office abolished | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 16th Secretary-General of the Non-Aligned Movement | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| In office 7 September 1992 – 20 October 1995 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Preceded by | Dobrica Ćosić | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Succeeded by | Ernesto Samper | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Personal details | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Born | 8 June 1921 Bantoel, Dutch East Indies | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Died | 27 January 2008 (aged 86) Jakarta, Indonesia | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Resting place | Astana Giribangun | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Political party | Golkar | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Height | 168 cm (5 ft 6 in)[1] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Spouse | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Children | 6, including Tutut Suharto, Titiek, and Tommy Suharto | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Parents |
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| Alma mater | KNIL Kadetschool | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Occupation |
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| Signature |  | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Nicknames |
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| Military service | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Allegiance | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Branch/service | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Years of service | 1940–1974 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Rank | General of the army | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Unit | Infantry (Kostrad) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Commands | See list | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Battles/wars | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Awards | List of awards | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Service no. | 10684[2] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Pre-Presidency Domestic policy Foreign policy Post-presidency Family
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Suharto[b][c] (8 June 1921 – 27 January 2008) was an Indonesian military officer and the second President of Indonesia. Widely regarded as a military dictator by international observers, Suharto led Indonesia as an authoritarian regime from 1967 until his resignation in 1998 following nationwide unrest.[3][4][5] His 31-year dictatorship is considered one of the most brutal and corrupt of the 20th century: he was central to the perpetration of mass killings against alleged communists and subsequent persecution of ethnic Chinese, irreligious people, and trade unionists.[6][7][8]
Suharto was born in Kemusuk, near the city of Yogyakarta, during the Dutch colonial era.[9] He grew up in humble circumstances.[10] His Javanese Muslim parents divorced not long after his birth, and he lived with foster parents for much of his childhood. During the Japanese occupation, Suharto served in the Japanese-organized Indonesian security forces. During Indonesia's independence struggle, he joined the newly formed Indonesian Army and rose to the rank of major general some time after full Indonesian independence was achieved. An attempted coup on 30 September and 1 October 1965 was countered by Suharto-led troops. The army subsequently led a nationwide violent anti-communist purge and Suharto wrested power from Indonesia's founding president, Sukarno. He was appointed acting president in 1967 and elected president the following year. He then mounted a social campaign known as "de-Sukarnoization" to reduce the former president's influence. Suharto ordered an invasion of East Timor in 1975, followed by a deadly 23-year occupation of the country and genocide. By the 1990s, the New Order's increasing authoritarianism and widespread corruption[11][12] were a source of discontent and, following the 1997 Asian financial crisis which led to widespread unrest, he resigned in May 1998.
Under his "New Order" administration, Suharto constructed a strong, centralised and military-dominated government. What started as an oligarchic military dictatorship evolved into a personalistic authoritarian regime centred around him.[13] An ability to maintain stability over a sprawling and diverse Indonesia and an avowedly anti-communist stance won him the economic and diplomatic support of the West during the Cold War. For most of his presidency, Indonesia experienced significant industrialisation, economic growth, and improved levels of education.[14][15] As a result, he was given the title "Father of Development."[16] According to Transparency International, Suharto was one of the most corrupt leaders in modern history, having embezzled an alleged US$15–35 billion during his rule.[17][18] Suharto died in January 2008.
Suharto remains a controversial and divisive figure within the Indonesian general public. Many Indonesians have praised his 31-year regime for its economic development, rapid industrialisation, and perceived political stability, while others have denounced his dictatorial rule, extensive human rights violations and corruption.[19][20] Plans to award the status of National Hero to Suharto are being considered by the Indonesian government and have been debated vigorously.[21]
Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).
- ^ Romi, J (24 November 2020) [11 May 2020]. Hendra (ed.). "Penasaran Tidak, Berapa Sih Tinggi Badan Semua Presiden Indonesia" [Are You Curious, How Tall Are All the Presidents of Indonesia]. BertuahPos (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 12 August 2020. Retrieved 6 February 2024.
- ^ Mappapa, Pasti Liberti (30 September 2019). "Sekondan Soeharto di Pusaran G30S/PKI". detikNews (in Indonesian). Retrieved 16 June 2023.
Latief sendiri mengaku anak buah langsung Soeharto sejak bertugas di Yogyakarta. Nomor Registrasi Pokok (NRP) keduanya berurutan. "NRP saya 10685, sedangkan NRP Pak Harto 10684, jadi saya selalu menempel di belakangnya.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
NYTobituarywas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Gittings, John (28 January 2008). "Obituary: Suharto, former Indonesian dictator: 1921–2008". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 14 December 2018. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
- ^ Hutton, Jeffrey (19 May 2018). "Is Indonesia's Reformasi a success, 20 years after Suharto?". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on 13 April 2022. Retrieved 14 December 2018.
...would topple the dictator Suharto.
- ^ Berger, Marilyn (28 January 2008). "Suharto Dies at 86; Indonesian Dictator Brought Order and Bloodshed". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 2 December 2018.
- ^ Wiranto (2011), p. 24.
Forrester, Geoff; May, R.J. (1998). The Fall of Soeharto. Bathurst, Australia: C. Hurst and Co. ISBN 1-86333-168-9. - ^ Kine, Phelim (2017). "Indonesia Again Silences 1965 Massacre Victims". Human Rights Watch.
Over the next few months, at least 500,000 people were killed (the total may be as high as one million). The victims included members of the Communist Party of Indonesia (PKI), ethnic Chinese, trade unionists, teachers, activists, and artists.
- ^ Dwipayana & Ramadhan (1989), p. 13.
- ^ See the details in Chapter 2, 'Akar saya dari desa' (My village roots), in Dwipayana & Ramadhan (1989), p. 14.
- ^ Estimates of government funds misappropriated by the Suharto family range from US$1.5 billion and US$5 billion.(Ignatius, Adi (11 September 2007). "Mulls Indonesia Court Ruling". Time. Archived from the original on 2 February 2008. Retrieved 9 August 2009.).
- ^ Haskin, Colin (27 January 2008). "Suharto dead at 86". The Globe and Mail. Jakarta. Archived from the original on 3 February 2023. Retrieved 3 February 2023.
- ^ Slater, Dan (2009), Mahoney, James; Thelen, Kathleen (eds.), "Altering Authoritarianism: Institutional Complexity and Autocratic Agency in Indonesia", Explaining Institutional Change: Ambiguity, Agency, and Power, Cambridge University Press, pp. 132–167, ISBN 978-0-521-11883-5, archived from the original on 15 June 2018, retrieved 9 June 2022
- ^ Miguel, Edward; Paul Gertler; David I. Levine (January 2005). "Does Social Capital Promote Industrialization? Evidence from a Rapid Industrializer". Econometrics Software Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley.
- ^ McDonald, Hamish (28 January 2008). "No End to Ambition". Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on 15 March 2018. Retrieved 31 January 2008.
- ^ "Ini 7 Julukan Presiden Indonesia, Dari Soekarno Sampai Jokowi : Okezone Edukasi". 28 November 2022. Archived from the original on 23 April 2023. Retrieved 23 April 2023.
- ^ Global Corruption Report 2004: Political Corruption by Transparency International – Issue. Pluto Press. 2004. p. 13. ISBN 0-7453-2231-X. Archived from the original on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 8 May 2020 – via Issuu.com.
- ^ "Suharto tops corruption rankings". BBC News. 25 March 2004. Archived from the original on 13 November 2020. Retrieved 4 February 2006.
- ^ "Dari 1965 hingga slogan 'piye kabare enak jamanku toh': Suharto dibenci, Suharto dirindukan (In Indonesian)". www.bbc.com. 24 May 2018.
- ^ "Revealing the Ultimate 2020 List: The 10 Most Corrupt Politicians in the World – The Sina Times". 3 January 2020. Archived from the original on 3 January 2024. Retrieved 3 January 2024.
- ^ "Pro Kontra Soeharto Pahlawan Nasional". Trias Politica (in Indonesian). 26 May 2016. Archived from the original on 23 September 2016. Retrieved 28 July 2016.