Sukanasa

Sukanasa with Shiva Nataraja, Jambulinga Temple, Pattadakal.[1]

In Hindu temple architecture a sukanasa (Sanskrit: शुकनास, IAST: śukanāsa) or sukanasi is an external ornamented feature over the entrance to the garbhagriha or inner shrine. It sits on the face of the sikhara tower (in South India, the vimana) as a sort of antefix.[2] The forms of the sukanasa can vary considerably, but it normally has a vertical face, very often in the form of a large gavaksha or "window" motif, with an ornamental frame above and to the sides, forming a roughly triangular shape.[3] In discussing temples in Karnataka local authors tend to use "sukanasi" (the preferred form in these cases) as a term for the whole structure of the antarala or ante-chamber from the floor to the top of the sukanasa roof above.[4]

It often contains an image of the deity to whom the temple is dedicated inside this frame, or other figurative subjects. The vertical face may be the termination of a horizontally-projecting structure of the same shape,[5] especially in temples with an antarala or ante-chamber between the mandapa or public worship hall and the garbhagriha. In these cases the projection is over the antarala.[6] Some temples have large gavaksha motifs, in effect sukanasas, on all four faces of the shikara, and there may be two tiers of sukanasa going up the tower. Sukasanas are also often found in Jain temples.[7]

Hoysala crest of warrior fighting a lion, on the roof of the sukanasa projection, Kedareshvara Temple, Balligavi

The name strictly means "parrot's beak", and is often referred to as the "nose" of the temple superstructure, as part of the understanding of the temple as representing in its various parts the anatomy of the deity.[8] Various early texts set out proportions for the shape of the sukasana, centred on a circular gavaksha, and its size in proportion to the rest of the temple, especially the height of the shikara. They vary and in any case are not always followed.[9]

Especially in the south, the sukanasa may be topped by a kirtimukha head, the open-mouthed monster swallowing or vomiting the rest of the motif below.[10] As with the gavaksha, the motif represents a window through which the light of the deity shines out across the world.[11]

  1. ^ Michell, 105
  2. ^ Kramrisch, 240–241
  3. ^ Harle, 140
  4. ^ Krishna Murthy
  5. ^ Harle, 147
  6. ^ Hardy, 34
  7. ^ Krishna Murthy
  8. ^ Kramrisch, 240
  9. ^ Kramrisch, 240–242
  10. ^ Kramrisch, 241
  11. ^ Kramrisch, 241