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Sukarno | |
|---|---|
 Official portrait, c. 1949 | |
| 1st President of Indonesia | |
| In office 18 August 1945 – 12 March 1967[a] | |
| Prime Minister | See list
|
| Vice President | Mohammad Hatta (1945–1956) |
| Preceded by | Office established |
| Succeeded by | Suharto |
| President of the United States of Indonesia | |
| In office 27 December 1949 – 17 August 1950 | |
| Prime Minister | Mohammad Hatta |
| Vice President | Mohammad Hatta |
| Preceded by | Tony Lovink (as High Commissioner of the Dutch East Indies) |
| Succeeded by | Himself (as President of Indonesia) |
| 12th Prime Minister of Indonesia | |
| In office 9 July 1959 – 25 July 1966 | |
| President | Himself |
| Deputy | See list |
| Preceded by | Djuanda Kartawidjaja |
| Succeeded by | Suharto (as Chairman of the Cabinet Presidium) |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Koesno Sosrodihardjo 6 June 1901 Soerabaja, Dutch East Indies |
| Died | 21 June 1970 (aged 69) Jakarta, Indonesia |
| Resting place | Grave of Sukarno, Blitar |
| Political party | Independent |
| Other political affiliations | PNI (1927–1931) |
| Height | 172 cm (5 ft 8 in)[3] |
| Spouses | Inggit Garnasih
(m. 1923; div. 1943)Siti Hartini (m. 1953)Saliku Maesaroh
(m. 1958; died 1959)Kartini Manoppo
(m. 1959; div. 1968)Haryati
(m. 1963; div. 1966)Yurike Sanger
(m. 1964; div. 1968)Heldy Djafar
(m. 1966; div. 1969) |
| Children | 14, including Rukmini, Megawati, Rachmawati, Sukmawati, and Guruh |
| Parents |
|
| Education | Hogere Burgerschool te Soerabaja |
| Alma mater | Technische Hoogeschool te Bandoeng (Ir.) |
| Occupation |
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| Signature |  |
| Nicknames |
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|---|---|---|
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Pre-Independence Domestic policy Foreign policy Family Media and legacy
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Sukarno[d][e] (6 June 1901 – 21 June 1970)[5] was an Indonesian statesman, orator, revolutionary, and nationalist who was the first president of Indonesia, serving from 1945 to 1967.
Sukarno was the leader of the Indonesian struggle for independence from the Dutch colonialists. He was a prominent leader of Indonesia's nationalist movement during the colonial period and spent over a decade under Dutch detention until released by the invading Japanese forces in World War II. Sukarno and his fellow nationalists collaborated to garner support for the Japanese war effort from the population, in exchange for Japanese aid in spreading nationalist ideas. Upon Japanese surrender, Sukarno and Mohammad Hatta declared Indonesian independence on 17 August 1945, and Sukarno was appointed president. He led the Indonesian resistance to Dutch re-colonisation efforts via diplomatic and military means until the Dutch recognition of Indonesian independence in 1949. As a result, he was given the title "Father of Proclamation."[6]
After a chaotic period of parliamentary democracy, Sukarno established an autocratic system called "Guided Democracy" in 1959 that successfully ended the instability and rebellions which were threatening the survival of the diverse and fractious country. In the early 1960s Sukarno embarked on a series of aggressive foreign policies under the rubric of anti-imperialism and personally championed the Non-Aligned Movement. These developments led to increasing friction with the West and closer relations with the USSR. After the events surrounding the 30 September Movement of 1965, the military general Suharto largely took control of the country in a Western-backed military overthrow of the Sukarno-led government. This was followed by repression of real and perceived leftists, including executions of Communist party members and suspected sympathisers in several massacres with support from the CIA[7] and British intelligence services,[8] resulting in an estimated 500,000 to over 1,000,000 deaths.[9][10][11][12] In 1967, Suharto officially assumed the presidency, replacing Sukarno, who remained under house arrest until his death in 1970.
His eldest daughter Megawati Sukarnoputri, who was born during her father's rule in 1947, later served as the fifth president of Indonesia from 2001 to 2004.
- ^ Legge, John (1 September 1985). Sukarno: A Political Biography. Allen & Unwin.
- ^ Ricklefs, M.C. (2008) [1981]. A History of Modern Indonesia Since c.1300 (4th ed.). London: MacMillan. ISBN 978-0-230-54685-1.
- ^ Romi, J (24 November 2020) [11 May 2020]. Hendra (ed.). "Penasaran Tidak, Berapa Sih Tinggi Badan Semua Presiden Indonesia" [Are You Curious, How Tall Are All the Presidents of Indonesia]. BertuahPos (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 12 August 2020. Retrieved 6 February 2024.
- ^ "Sukarno". Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary.
- ^ Biografi Presiden Archived 21 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine Perpustakaan Nasional Republik Indonesia
- ^ "Ini 7 Julukan Presiden Indonesia, Dari Soekarno Sampai Jokowi : Okezone Edukasi". 28 November 2022. Archived from the original on 23 April 2023. Retrieved 23 April 2023.
- ^ Kadane, Kathy (21 May 1990). "U.S. OFFICIALS' LISTS AIDED INDONESIAN BLOODBATH IN '60S". The Washington Post. Washington, D.C. Archived from the original on 31 October 2021. Retrieved 5 November 2021.
- ^ Lashmar, Paul; Gilby, Nicholas; Oliver, James (17 October 2021). "Revealed: how UK spies incited mass murder of Indonesia's communists". The Guardian. Retrieved 17 October 2021.
- ^ Robinson, Geoffrey B. (2018). The Killing Season: A History of the Indonesian Massacres, 1965–66. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-1-4008-8886-3.
- ^ Melvin, Jess (2018). The Army and the Indonesian Genocide: Mechanics of Mass Murder. Routledge. p. 1. ISBN 978-1-138-57469-4.
- ^ Mark Aarons (2007). "Justice Betrayed: Post-1945 Responses to Genocide." In David A. Blumenthal and Timothy L. H. McCormack (eds). The Legacy of Nuremberg: Civilising Influence or Institutionalised Vengeance? (International Humanitarian Law). Archived 5 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. ISBN 9004156917 p. 80.
- ^ The Memory of Savage Anticommunist Killings Still Haunts Indonesia, 50 Years On, Time
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