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A superalloy, or high-performance alloy, is an alloy with the ability to operate at a high fraction of its melting point.[1] Key characteristics of a superalloy include mechanical strength, thermal creep deformation resistance, surface stability, and corrosion and oxidation resistance.
The crystal structure is typically face-centered cubic (FCC) austenitic. Examples of such alloys are Hastelloy, Inconel, Waspaloy, Rene alloys, Incoloy, MP98T, TMS alloys, and CMSX single crystal alloys.
Superalloy development relies on chemical and process innovations. Superalloys develop high temperature strength through solid solution strengthening and precipitation strengthening from secondary phase precipitates such as gamma prime and carbides. Oxidation or corrosion resistance is provided by elements such as aluminium and chromium. Superalloys are often cast as a single crystal in order to eliminate grain boundaries, which decrease creep resistance (even though they may provide strength at low temperatures).
The primary application for such alloys is in aerospace and marine turbine engines. Creep is typically the lifetime-limiting factor in gas turbine blades.[2]
Superalloys have made much of very-high-temperature engineering technology possible.[1]
- ^ a b Sims, C.T. (1984). "A History of Superalloy Metallurgy for Superalloy Metallurgists". Superalloys 1984 (Fifth International Symposium). pp. 399–419. doi:10.7449/1984/Superalloys_1984_399_419.
- ^ Carter, Tim J (April 2005). "Common failures in gas turbine blades". Engineering Failure Analysis. 12 (2): 237–247. doi:10.1016/j.engfailanal.2004.07.004.