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The suppression of the Society of Jesus was the removal of all members of the Jesuits from most of Western Europe and their respective colonies beginning in 1759 along with the abolition of the order by the Holy See in 1773; the papacy acceded to said anti-Jesuit demands without much resistance. The Jesuits were serially expelled from the Portuguese Empire (1759), France (1764), the Two Sicilies, Malta, Parma, the Spanish Empire (1767) and in Austria and Hungary (1782).[1]
Historians identify multiple factors causing the suppression. The Jesuits, who were not above getting involved in politics, were distrusted for their closeness to the pope and his power in independent nations' religious and political affairs. In France, it was a combination of many influences, from Jansenism to free-thought, to the then-prevailing impatience with the Ancien Régime.[2] Monarchies attempting to centralise and secularise political power viewed the Jesuits as supranational, too strongly allied to the papacy, and too autonomous from the monarchs in whose territory they operated.[3]
With his papal brief, Dominus ac Redemptor (21 July 1773), Pope Clement XIV suppressed the Society as a fait accompli. However, the order did not disappear. It continued underground operations in China, Russia, Prussia, and the United States. In Russia, Catherine the Great allowed the founding of a new novitiate.[4] In 1814, a subsequent pope, Pius VII, acted to restore the Society of Jesus to its previous provinces, and the Jesuits began to resume their work in those countries.[5]
- ^ Maryks, Robert; Wright, Jonathan, eds. (2015). Jesuit Survival and Restoration: A Global History (1773–1900). Brill. ISBN 978-9004283879.
- ^ Roehner, Bertrand M. (April 1997). "Jesuits and the State: A Comparative Study of their Expulsions (1590–1990)". Religion. 27 (2): 165–182. doi:10.1006/reli.1996.0048.
- ^ Ida Altman, et al., The Early History of Greater Mexico, Pearson, 2003, p. 310.
- ^ Great Events in Religion. Denver: ABC-CLIO. 2017. p. 812. ISBN 978-1440845994.
- ^ "The Restored Jesuits (1814–1912)". Catholic Encyclopedia. newadvent.org. Retrieved 2017-03-21.